Polynesian Tradition Of Tattooing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2651 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Tattoo Essay Did you like this example? Used in the past and now the present, it causes a great deal of pain, it takes time, but in the end, it is all worth it. This is, Polynesian Tattooing. According to PBS, The actual tradition of Polynesian Tattooing existed more than 2000 years ago. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Polynesian Tradition Of Tattooing" essay for you Create order This is not your typical tattooing process. It can take months to complete the process and the pain is excruciating. Polynesian tattooing is sacred on the islands of Maori, Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa, and Tonga. These tattoos are about being proud of your heritage. Ancient Polynesian Tattooing reflects tribe, family, and land. Despite the pain this process causes, Polynesians went through it as a way to honor the culture that they love so dearly, and modern Polynesians are now readopting the practices. A tattoo parlor in New Zealand discusses the origins of tattoo art in Polynesia, in addition to other historic information, such as, the origins of Polynesian societies, Tonga and Samoa, tools of the trade, the healing process, and placement on the body. In order to express their character and identity, Polynesians used tattoo art. In fact, These tattoos were full of distinctive signs, often indicating status in a hierarchical society as well as sexual maturity, genealogy, and ones rank within the society. Nearly everyone in ancient Polynesian society was tattooed. In Tonga and Samoa, Polynesian tattoos developed into a highly refined art (Polynesian Tattoo). For the Tongan people, tattoo art was extremely significant to them both socially and culturally. Additionally, in Ancient Samoa, tattooing was remarkable in terms of warfare and religious rituals. The healing process for these tattoos took almost a year. In the meantime, friends and family would have to assist the process becau se basic activities, such as sitting or walking, could be extremely painful. Lastly, the placement of the tattoo was very important. For instance, tattooing the head is related to themes such as, spirituality, knowledge, wisdom and intuition (Polynesian Tattoo). On the other hand, if one were to tattoo their lower arms and hands, they are showing creativity, creation, and making things (Polynesian Tattoo). Samoan Tattooing, along with the other Polynesian cultures, is an agonizing experience. Rite of passage caused men to undergo inking over a three or fourth month period. Then, the mans family threw a party to celebrate the completion of his pea, or tattoo, that stretched from mid-torso to the knees, and the tattoo master shattered a water vessel at his feet to signify that the agonizing experience had come to an end (DeHart). Then came the healing process. The tattoo would take up to a year to heal, whereas nowadays, it takes seven to 14 days (Quora). Imagine this scenario in real society. I believe that the desire to get a tattoo would be much less if in todays world, tattooing took up to a year to heal. People probably look forward to the fact that the pain will be over in as little as a week. In addition, the ordeal was so severe that death by infection was a legitimate concern (DeHart). Most men completed the process due to social pressure. However, those who surrendered to the a cute pain of tattooing were viewed upon as weak and faced humiliation among many. In addition, In ancient Polynesia, tattooing was fraught with taboos, steeped in social status, and imbued with deeply spiritual beliefs (DeHart). If this were very popular in my culture, I would most likely get tattooed because I would know how much this tradition means to my family, and I want to understand and appreciate the importance of it. In the article CULTURE LEAVES ITS MARK // CULTURE: Tattoos Help Keep Samoan Island Customs Alive among the Young in Orange County, Rosalva Hernandez introduces Samoan Misiaiti Togagae who reveals that he got tattoos because of the love he has for his culture and his people. I am proud to be Samoan, he says. Despite the pain, specifically the razor-sharp needles of a boar tusk comb into a pot of inky blue fluid that would agonize his body, Togagae got these tattoos to pay respect to his culture. In addition, among some Samoan youths who have grown up far from their native island, the tattoos have become a fad, much like tinted shades and skimpy shorts (Hernandez). He says that you must have the courage to do this. In particular, because of the pain it causes, like it did to Togagae, as he nearly bolted off the floor during his tattoo procedure. Similar to what Zealand Tattoo said, a custom for hundreds of years, the tataufrom which the English word tattoo is derived can symbolize a cl ans rank in Samoan society or a particular familys background, or merely a design chosen by the tattoo artist (Hernandez). Samoans are very designated to their culture as you can see with the pain they must go through to endure this procedure. Similarly, Maori Tattooing is where purpose and applications are sacred. In Maori Tattoos about Culture by Jared Nicoll, Ta Moko tattoo artist named Jackson Skipper tells what it is like to travel the country designing and drawing Ta Moko. The meaning of Ta Moko is Maori Tattooing. Ta Moko was like a history of a persons achievements and represented their status in their tribe. It was like a resume. It also served as a reminder to people about their responsibility in life (Australian Museum). As stated by Ta Moko artist Jackson Skipper, People need to understand traditional Maori tattooing is about being proud of your heritage, not glorifying gangs. Skipper was known to even have tattooed members of his own family, including his cousin Daniel Skipper, who he tattooed in a tent on family land in Waikawa (Australian Museum). Jackson skipper adds Its about being proud of your heritage. Over the last couple of years, Jackson Skipper has developed several tattoo designs, each reflecting e ach persons Iwi [tribe], their connection to the land, and their Whanau [family] (Australian Museum). In addition, Daniel Skipper says We feel good about doing it, good about getting it done, especially for the Whanau. In other words, he feels accomplished when getting a tattoo because he feels as if hes doing it for his family. Tahitian Tattooing was also a critical part of ones belonging to this culture. A source from a tattoo parlor in French Polynesia specifically describes the history of Polynesian Tattooing in Tahiti. The origin of the English word ?tattoo actually comes from the Tahitian word ?tatau and goes back as far as 1500 BC (POLYNESIAN TATTOO). Almost everyone was tattooed in ancient Polynesian society. It was a fundamental part of ancient Tahitian culture. Tattooing indicated ones genealogy and/or rank in society. It was a sign of wealth, of strength, and of the ability to endure pain (POLYNESIAN TATTOO). It takes two people to do the tattooing, one does the stretching of the skin and the other does the inking. All symbols in Tahitian tattoos are based on the 4 elements: ocean, earth, wind, fire. For each symbol, there is a sacred ceremony. A few commonly incorporated symbols include: turtle=fertility, dolphin=wisdom, tiki=protection. There were symbols specific to certain families and symbols unique to various roles. For example, the tattoos of warriors would incorporate symbols different than those of fishermen. Each symbol takes on personal meaning. There are symbols that represent the sea and symbols of the land, stability, travel etc. (POLYNESIAN TATTOO) These symbols were key in tattooing because they were specific to the culture and each person wanted to make sure they represented their home land. Tattooing in Tahiti is an act of sharing time and space among tattooists, tattooed people, and observers (Thomas et al). When Tahitians get tattooed, they often perceive the bodies of others and differentiate their tattoo art. In fact, when doing this, they identify uniformities and distinctions, and include and exclude each other according to the representation, experience, and social contexts of the tattooed body. Tattooing, as body inscription, is thus the embodiment and representation of identities and relationships resulting from the objectification of ones own body, and others, in a shared time and space (Thomas et al). Tattooing in the Tahitian culture is a process of establishing cultural, gender, occupational and age identities for young Tahitian tattooists and tattooed people. This is a different process from that which occurs when the knowledge of tattooing is ?heritage, passed from the elder people to the younger (Thomas et al). Due to a sporadic history of Tahitian tattooing, both people who are tattooed and young tattooists have been investigating and developing new forms of tattoos and skills both in and outside of Tahiti. The notion of ?tradition is, however, still significant since it boosts the social value of tattooing (Thomas et al). Tonga in particular has a long and complicated relationship to its traditional tattoos that have only begun to re-emerge as popular designs in the last 20 years (Ding). When it comes to Pacific Island cultures, tattooing has always been a central custom, and designs were commonly used to represent ones role within their community as well as a persons identity. In addition, The Tongan name for its tattooing tradition is Tatatau. While designs were certainly influenced by other Pacific cultures, they incorporated their own distinct patterns and meanings over the years in which they flourished (Ding). Although designs seemed to be alike in many ways, each tattoo for each person is unique and customized to the person. For men, Tongan tattoos are commonly placed from the torso to the knees. On the other hand, Tongan tattoos for women are composed of symmetrical lines across the thighs. Authentic tattoos are created using the traditional tools (made of bone and turtle shell) and designs ar e based on traditional markings. As several artists apprentice under current masters of the tradition as well as increased interest in the tradition evidenced by Tongans, this tradition looks like one that will endure (Ding). In January 1778, Captain James Cook decided to sail to the Hawaiian islands a decade after visiting New Zealand. When he arrived, he was anchored off the coast of the island of Kauai. On the shore, there were Polynesians who had been living here for over a thousand years. When James Cook arrived, they greeted him with surprising admiration. Their society, like all Polynesia, was governed by a strict kapu, or taboos, that regulated every aspect of their behavior (PBS). They dutifully worshiped a multitude of deities (gods), including Lono, the god of peace and agriculture. The people Cook encountered may have mistaken him for the physical embodiment of Lono since his ships masts and sails resembled the emblem of the god (PBS). Although cook left Hawaii and sailed toward North America, he had set the standards for the future of the Hawaiian people. Like other Polynesians, the Hawaiian people imported their traditional tattoo art, known as kakau, to the islands (PBS). It assisted them not only for decoration and differentiation, but also to guard their health and spiritual well-being (PBS). Hawaiian tattoos often mimics natural forms. Images of lizards, which were greatly respected and feared, and of the Hawaiian crescent fan (Peahi niu) for the highest-ranking members of society, dominated Hawaiian kakau. Intricate patterns, mimicking woven reeds or other natural forms, graced mens arms, legs, torso and face. Women were generally tattooed on the hand, fingers, wrists and sometimes on their tongue (PBS). The designs were applied by specially trained kahuna, experts in one or more critical tasks, who applied pigment to the skin with a needle made from bone, tied to a stick and struck by a mallet. Traditional designs varied widely, according to available records, but many memorialized fallen chiefs, leaders or family members (PBS). According to the dictates of kapu, the tattooing shielded with extreme confidentiality, and all tools and evidence were thrown out after use. This shows how sacred Hawaiians took tattooing in their culture. Although popular belief is that Polynesian tattooing was only used in the past, it is indeed used in the present, as seen with Tongan Tattooing. Tattooing for Tongans has been revived to the current day. While many artists and Tongans were interested in the tradition of Tongan tribal tattoos, there seemed to be very little information about this ancient craft. It was not until early 2002 that work began in trying to revive this art form. Specialist tattoo artist Sua Suluape Alaivaa who was well versed in Pacific tattooing, met with several Tongans in Hawaii with the purpose of looking into Tongan tattooing practices (Ding). Fairly soon after this meeting, two Tongans obtained the first traditional tattoos of their ancestors. These tattoos even received a traditional blessing to commemorate the occasion. Within a year, two more Tongans had received tattoos and tattooist Aisea Toetuu committed himself to being the first artist to specialize in specifically Tongan designs, ensuring that the tradition would endure (Ding). In comparison, a very famous man known as Dwayne Johnson, also known as The Rock, a producer, an American actor, and semi-retired professional wrestler, has a tattoo relating back to a Polynesian culture, Samoa. You might know him from movies, such as Baywatch, The Game Plan, or Skyscraper. Johnson has a big tattoo covering his upper left breast area and left shoulder. In a YouTube video, he describes the reasoning for his choices. He starts out by saying The story of my tattoo is a very elaborate story that of all the things I love and that Im passionate about and that move me from the heart. He talked to his tattoo artist for hours before the work was even started and then said a prayer before the process began. In total, it took 60 hours of work, three sessions, at 20 hours a piece. He tells us that its a story about his life and his journey. However, he says that bigger than him, his life, and his journey, are his ancestors and his culture on his Dads side, Moms side, his black c ulture, and his Samoan culture as well. He believes all the things that are important to him from his family and protecting his family, his ancestors, protecting all of us, the spirit of his ancestors. It represents great struggle and overcoming that great struggle, being appreciative of my success as we come up here to the sunshine and the sunlight thats on my neck. He concludes the video by stating As detailed and elaborate as this entire tattoo is that Im very proud of, it all comes down to three things, which is my family, and protecting my family, and having a very aggressive warrior spirit that you cant hold down and I will continue to fight and overcome, and that particular piece is over my heart. By this, we can see that Samoan Tattooing is still used in todays world. Tattooing was used in ancient Polynesian societies, such as Maori, Tahiti, Samoa, Tonga, and Hawaii for many different reasons. Although many tattoos may contain similar designs, they are each different, representing different stories behind them. Tattooing was used in Maori to reflect a persons tribe, land, and family. In addition, Tahitians did it to show signs of wealth, strength, and ability to endure pain (POLYNESIAN TATTOO). Samoans got these tattoos to show the love and respect they have for their culture and their people. Tongans used these tattoos to mark a persons identity and role within their community (Ding). Lastly, Hawaiians got tattooed to guard their health and spiritual well-being (PBS). These here are single reasons for each culture, so imagine how many more can differentiate the meaning behind these tattoos. There is so much more behind these tattoos than just a couple of designs. Despite the pain this process causes, Polynesians went through it as a way to honor the culture that they love so dearly, and modern Polynesians, such as The Rock in addition to many Tongans, are now readopting the practices.

The Discovery - 1146 Words

THE DISCOVERY THE DISCOVERY ‘The Discovery’, by J.C Squire describes a historical event: Christopher Columbus’s ‘discovery’ of the New World on his 1942 expedition across the Atlantic Ocean which initiated the process of Spanish colonisation. The poem has gone by several names including ‘The Caravels, ‘Sonnet’ and ‘There was an Indian’. John Collings Squire (J.C Squire) (1884-1958) was a British poet, writer, historian, influential literary critic and editor of the post WW1 period. He was also a leading poet of the Georgian period. The poem is a simple sonnet; made up of two quatrains and a sestet. The rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efegfg. The rhyme creates a steady, forward-moving motion similar to the movement of the†¦show more content†¦The images used in the stanza are simple yet vivid as can be seen through the image of the ‘Bellying cloths’ and ‘Fluttering coloured signs. The second quatrain is stylistically interesting because the poet is conscious of the different perspectives: that of the Indian man who tries to describe these unfamiliar objects by adapting them to those he is familiar with, and that of the reader who has a knowledge of history and immediately recognises the Indian’s attempt to describe the billowing sails, fluttering flags and ‘clambering crews’. The alliteration of the letter ‘k’ sound in the last line of the second stanza ‘And fluttering coloured signs and clambering crews’, reminds us of the confusion and c acophony created by the sailors as they prepare to land. The third stanza, the ‘sestet’, begins with the conjunction ‘And’, linking it to the previous stanzas. There is now a Volta as the focus shifts to the Indian’s reaction to the caravels. There is an even greater use of caesura which creates an abrupt and staccato rhythm which might reflect the fear that has overcome the Indian, maybe his accelerated heartbeat too. The Volta between the second and third stanzas is also evident in the rhyme scheme which suggests the inevitable, impending conclusion to this sighting as the caravels ‘Slant to the shore, and all their seamen land’. The final stanza draws a clear contrast between the native, who is ‘naked’ and ‘alone’ and the numerous sailors disembarkingShow MoreRelatedDiscovery Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesDiscovery Essay Discovery inhibits the ability to embrace new beginnings and accept a sense of change whether it is found or forced upon an individual. The places you travel and the people you meet can emotionally revolutionize a self-discovery through unexpected but anticipated terms evoked from curiosity. ‘Swallow The Air’ written by Tara June Winch and ‘The Thing Around Your Neck’ written by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie break the inhibitions of vulnerability, as their ideas represented throughRead MoreDiscovery Essay758 Words   |  4 PagesDiscovery is uncovering what is not known. The core text ‘Away’ written by Michael Gow and related text The Pursuit of Happyness directed by Gabrielle Muccino simply implies that every significant discovery brings change, growth, and strong relationships. The characters that are present in these two texts face conflict, and learn how to overcome their problems through their support of family and friends. Therefore, they are able to evolve as a person and although the texts differ in their contextsRead MoreElectronic Discovery ( E Discovery )1758 Words   |  8 Pagesrights in terms of position or monetary compensation. Due to my earlier experience, I knew that discovery meant an excruciating pre-trial phase of litigations where parties request access to virtually any documents or testimonials which are considered reasonable in leading them to the â€Å"discovery of admissible evidence†. What was new to me was â€Å"Electronic discovery (e-discovery), a term referred to discovery of information stored in electronic format (Electronically Stored Information, or ESI). AsRead MoreThe Journey Of Self Discovery1932 Words   |  8 Pagespath of self discovery? The journey of self discovery is a journey that most people take at some point during their life, whether it is very early in life or rather late in life. In the novels, Billy Lynn s Long Halftime Walk by Ben Fountain, Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald the three protagonists have all undergone a journey on the path of self discovery. These journey range in length, depth, and significance just as these self discovery journeys varyRead MoreAn Order Compelling Discovery Of Documents1260 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The principal functions to be served in providing for pretrial discovery of documents are (i) to acquire accurate and useful information with respect to testimony which is likely to be presented by an opponent, (ii) to obtain information which appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence, and (iii) to use as an aid in cross-examining the opponent s witnesses.† Kelch v. Mass Transit Admin., 287 Md. 223, 231 (1980). Moreover, in a motion to compel a discovering partyRead MoreElectronic Discovery And The Legal World Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is expensive to employ. Electronic Discovery (e-discovery) is technology that has cut down on this time and cost, and has significantly changed the legal world. It is software that can analyze documents and extract key words or phrases. In a case concerning CBS, lawyers and paralegals examined 6 million documents at a cost of $2.2 million. With the use of e-discovery, one company was able to examine 1.5 million documents for $100,000. E-discovery can help lawyers pick out words, phrasesRead MoreCan Discoveries Happen Twice?685 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the discovery of North America by the European explorers, yes? But did you know that the Europeans were NOT the first ones to sail to the unknown lands that we live in now? It was anc ient people, like the Vikings, for example. While we could say that it was discovered twice, that would be dumb. There was simply a lack of communication. So with that in mind, the whole point of this is: Discoveries can never be truly repeated. We’ve seen so many things, and we have records of discoveries from evenRead MoreThomas Kuhn s Theory Of Scientific Discovery992 Words   |  4 Pagestry and get a message or an idea across. For some topics its easier than others, but when you’re trying and prove the whole idea of discovery wrong it may be more difficult. Thomas Kuhn writes Historical Structure of Scientific Discovery in an attempt to try and convey his message that the timeline role of discovery is wrong. He denies the idea about how some discoveries are misleading and make it seem they were found in a single moment. When you write you must assume that anyone can read it, so youRead MoreGeographical Discoveries2175 Words   |  9 PagesGreat geographical dis coveries - a popular term geographical discoveries made at the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in particular: circumnavigation Cape of Good Hope by Diaz (1488), the discovery of America by Columbus (1492), and then the conquest, trip [[Vasco da Gama | to India (1498) and the first trip around the world, Magellan (1519-1522). These events triggered a further voyages of discovery and contributed to a significant widening of the geographical horizon of EuropeansRead MoreDe Centralization Of Electronic Discovery2380 Words   |  10 Pagesof electronic discovery †¨ Eric W. Landry American Public University Dr. Deborah Moerland August 2, 2014 Abstract In 1995 and 1996 the judicial systems around the world realized that there was a problem with computer-based discovery and enacted civil procedures and guidance to assist legal entities. Summarizing Michael Curran, Esq. (2011) even with these civil procedures, guidance and laws in place, there are still several challenges in the legal systems when it comes to discovery of Electronically

Second Foundation 17. War Free Essays

The mayor of the Foundation brushed futilely at the picket fence of hair that rimmed his skull. He sighed. â€Å"The years that we have wasted; the chances we have thrown away. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Foundation 17. War or any similar topic only for you Order Now I make no recriminations, Dr. Darell, but we deserve defeat.† Darell said, quietly, â€Å"I see no reason for lack of confidence in events, sir.† â€Å"Lack of confidence! Lack of confidence! By the Galaxy, Dr. Darell, on what would you base any other attitude? Come here-â€Å" He half-led half-forced Darell toward the limpid ovoid cradled gracefully on its tiny force-field support. At a touch of the mayor’s hand, it glowed within – an accurate three-dimensional model of the Galactic double-spiral. â€Å"In yellow,† said the mayor, excitedly, â€Å"we have that region of Space under Foundation control; in red, that under Kalgan.† What Darell saw was a crimson sphere resting within a stretching yellow fist that surrounded it on all sides but that toward the center of the Galaxy. â€Å"Galactography,† said the mayor, â€Å"is our greatest enemy. Our admirals make no secret of our almost hopeless, strategic position. Observe. The enemy has inner lines of communication. He is concentrated; can meet us on all sides with equal ease. He can defend himself with minimum force. â€Å"We are expanded. The average distance between inhabited systems within the Foundation is nearly three times that within Kalgan. To go from Santanni to Locris, for instance, is a voyage of twenty-five hundred parsecs for us, but only eight hundred parsecs for them, if we remain within our respective territories-â€Å" Darell said, â€Å"I understand all that, sir.† â€Å"And you do not understand that it may mean defeat.† â€Å"There is more than distance to war. I say we cannot lose. It is quite impossible.† â€Å"And why do you say that?† â€Å"Because of my own interpretation of the Seldon Plan.† â€Å"Oh,† the mayor’s lips twisted, and the hands behind his back flapped one within the other, â€Å"then you rely, too, on the mystical help of the Second Foundation.† â€Å"No. Merely on the help of inevitability – and of courage and persistence.† And yet behind his easy confidence, he wondered- What if- Well- What if Anthor were right, and Kalgan were a direct tool of the mental wizards. What if it was their purpose to defeat and destroy the Foundation. No! It made no sense! And yet- He smiled bitterly. Always the same. Always that peering and peering through the opaque granite which, to the enemy, was so transparent. Nor were the galactographic verities of the situation lost upon Stettin. *** The Lord of Kalgan stood before a twin of the Galactic model which the mayor and Darell had inspected. Except that where the mayor frowned, Stettin smiled. His admiral’s uniform glistered imposingly upon his massive figure. The crimson sash of the Order of the Mule awarded him by the former First Citizen whom six months later he had replaced somewhat forcefully, spanned his chest diagonally from right shoulder to waist. The Silver Star with Double Comets and Swords sparkled brilliantly upon his left shoulder. He addressed the six men of his general staff whose uniforms were only less grandiloquent than his own, and his First Minister as well, thin and gray – a darkling cobweb, lost in the brightness. Stettin said, â€Å"I think the decisions are clear. We can afford to wait. To them, every day of delay will be another blow at their morale. If they attempt to defend all portions of their realm, they will be spread thin and we can strike through in two simultaneous thrusts here and here.† He indicated the directions on the Galactic model – two lances of pure white shooting through the yellow fist from the red ball it inclosed, cutting Terminus off on either side in a tight arc. â€Å"In such a manner, we cut their fleet into three parts which can be defeated in detail. If they concentrate, they give up two-thirds of their dominions voluntarily and will probably risk rebellion.† The First Minister’s thin voice alone seeped through the hush that followed. â€Å"In six months,† he said, â€Å"the Foundation will grow six months stronger. Their resources are greater, as we all know, their navy is numerically stronger; their manpower is virtually inexhaustible. Perhaps a quick thrust would be safer.† His was easily the least influential voice in the room. Lord Stettin smiled and made a flat gesture with his hand. â€Å"The six months – or a year, if necessary – will cost us nothing. The men of the Foundation cannot prepare; they are ideologically incapable of it. It is in their very philosophy to believe that the Second Foundation will save them. But not this time, eh?† The men in the room stirred uneasily. â€Å"You lack confidence, I believe,† said Stettin, frigidly. â€Å"Is it necessary once again to describe the reports of our agents in Foundation territory, or to repeat the findings of Mr. Homir Munn, the Foundation agent now in our†¦ uh†¦ service? Let us adjourn, gentlemen.† Stettin returned to his private chambers with a fixed smile still on his face. He sometimes wondered about this Homir Munn. A queer water-spined fellow who certainly did not bear out his early promise. And yet he crawled with interesting information that carried conviction with it – particularly when Callia was present. His smile broadened. That fat fool had her uses, after all. At least, she got more with her wheedling out of Munn than he could, and with less trouble. Why not give her to Munn? He frowned. Callia. She and her stupid jealousy. Space! If he still had the Darell girl- Why hadn’t he ground her skull to powder for that? He couldn’t quite put his finger on the reason. Maybe because she got along with Munn. And he needed Munn. It was Munn, for instance, who had demonstrated that, at least in the belief of the Mule, there was no Second Foundation. His admirals needed that assurance. He would have liked to make the proofs public, but it was better to let the Foundation believe in their nonexistent help. Was it actually Callia who had pointed that out? That’s right. She had said- Oh, nonsense! She couldn’t have said anything. And yet- He shook his head to clear it and passed on. How to cite Second Foundation 17. War, Essay examples

Effect of Biases on Persuasive

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Biases on Persuasive Communication. Answer: Introduction: Natural hazards have started to threaten the residential safety and stability in several countries. Every year the frequency of natural disasters is escalating due to the trans-global urbanization and the residents are paying dearly for the unplanned developmental measures. The last year experienced destruction worth $175 billion all due to natural disasters. Strategic preparation has become an all time necessity to minimize the risks and cope with the consequences (Blaikie et al., 2014). Psychological input: Psychological support has emerged as an integral element of disaster management program. Studies suggest that more than 70-90% of people are not persuaded by disaster preparation alerts they receive and that inevitably increases the scale of destruction (Blaikie et al., 2014). This report aims to evaluate how psychological input regarding social cognitive biases and persuasive communication theories can develop persuasive strategies that can influence better public engagement. Types of cognitive biases: A cognitive bias can be defined as a systematic pattern that influences deviation from rationality. Normalization bias urges people to deprecate both the possibility of a hazard and its possible consequences. Unrealistic Optimism is another common bias that leads an individual to believe that they are at a comparatively lesser risk of negative impact than others are (Keating et al., 2014). Effect of cognitive biases: The highest number of unnecessary deaths in a disaster is caused by normalcy bias, which makes it one of the deadliest biases. It causes the individuals to drastically underestimate the aftermath of a catastrophe by creating a cognitive dissonance in the subconscious of the individuals, which then drives them to eliminate it by either refusal or denial (Petty, Ostrom Brock, 2014). For example when people refuse to evacuate even when there is eminent threat, it defeats the purpose of disaster planning. Dispositional optimism is a result of irrational and unrealistic perception of a situation that may affect an individual directly or indirectly (Keating et al., 2014). Optimistic bias often leads to faulty procession of risk related information by individuals, which inescapably intervenes with the safety measures taken by the disaster management task force. Overcoming cognitive biases: The best method to combat the biases is to apply theories of persuasive communication of social psychology. The term persuasion refers to ways of influencing the perception and behavior of individuals, utilizing an appeal to their emotion (Gutteling, 2015). The theories are based on different rational models, designed to influence people to behave in the predictable ways (Blaikie et al., 2014). The response to a disaster depends on the understanding of the impending risks, which is linked to the conflicting hopes and beliefs of individuals. The principles of persuasive communication state that it is impossible to generate adequate response in the mass by just delivering the alert message when the mass is in denial (Petty, Ostrom Brock, 2014). In order to generate appropriate awareness the message needs to target their perception of risk and grab the attention of the people by a clear, assertive and informative message so that they realize the extent of destruction their ill judgment can provoke (Gutteling, 2015). Conclusion: Natural disasters are characterized by their element of surprise; hence, there will always be destruction. The purpose of disaster management is to minimize the scale of destruction as much as possible. The entire process of risk management depends on the cooperation of the public and when biased perception influences better judgment of the public, it defeats that purpose. As a social psychologist, I can conclude that the underlying cause for these biases are lack of clear understanding in the general public and lack of transparency from the authoritys end. Application of persuasive principles is the only way to bridge the gap and create awareness in the general mass so that they understand the continuous threat of hazards they live in. References Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., Wisner, B. (2014).At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge. Fischhoff, B. (2013).Risk analysis and human behavior(Vol. 26). Routledge. Gutteling, J. M. (2015).Risk communication. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Keating, A., Campbell, K., Mechler, R., Michel?Kerjan, E., Mochizuki, J., Kunreuther, H., ... Williges, K. (2014). Operationalizing resilience against natural disaster risk: Opportunities, barriers and a way forward.Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance. Petty, R., Ostrom, T. M., Brock, T. C. (2014).Cognitive responses in persuasion. Psychology Press.

Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Essay Essay Example

Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Essay Paper Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya born on 15th September 1860 in Muddenahalli. Chikkaballapura District. Karnataka. Sir M Visvesvaraya male parent is Srinivasa Sastry and mother Venkachamma. Sir M Visvesvaraya is an high Indian applied scientist and solon. Today 15th September we observer Sir M Visvesvaraya birthday as Engineers Day in India. Sir M Visvesvaraya was a civil applied scientist. Visvesvaraya Joined PWD section of Bombay ( now its known as Maharashtra province ) . Visvesvaraya was a mastermind. he invented Block System the automatic doors which he devised to halt uneconomical flood of H2O. Sir Visvesvaraya builted many dikes in Maharashtra province. He was designed and patented a system of automatic weir H2O floodgates which were foremost installed in 1903 at the Khadakvasla reservoir. Pune. He worked as a main applied scientist during building of Krishna Raja Sagara Dam on the Kaveri River in Mandya. He became the President of All India Manufacturers Association. Sir Visvesvaraya was the shaper of modern Mysore. Sir We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer M. Visvesvaraya lead a really simple life. He was a rigorous vegetarian and a teetotaller. He was known for his honestness and unity. In 1912. Maharaja of Mysore appointed Visvesvaraya as his Dewan. Before accepting the place of Dewan of Mysore. he invited all his relations for dinner. He told them really clearly that he would accept the esteemed office on the status that none of them would near him for favor. As Dewan of Mysore. he worked indefatigably for educational and industrial development of the province. When he was the Dewan many new industries came up. The Sandal Oil Factory. the Soap Factory. the Metals Factory. the Chrome Tanning Factory. were some of them. Of the many mills he started the most of import is the Bhadravati Iron and Steel Works. He was besides knighted by the British for his countless parts to the public good. After voluntary retirement in 1908. sir Visvesvaraya was appointed as a curate of the province of Mysore. Besides Sir Visvesvaraya designed a inundation protection system to protect Hyderabad metropolis from the inundation. He is a receiver of the Indian republic’s highest honor. the Bharat Ratna. in 1955. Sir Visvesvaraya died on 14th April 1962 Dear Engineer Colleague. every twelvemonth. 15 September is celebrated as the Engineer’s Day in India in the memory of one of the great boy of India on his birth twenty-four hours. He is held in high respect as the first and pre-eminent Engineer of India. He is Bharat Ratna Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya. who was a noteworthy applied scientist. bookman. and statesman. Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya was called a ace in technology. He was besides called the precursor of economic planning in India. He took an involvement non in technology entirely. but was capable of using his endowment to many allied affairs connected with the development of the state. Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya was born to Srinivasa Sastry and Venkachamma. at Muddenahalli. small town. in Chikballapur District of Karnataka State. He earned his B. A. from the Madras University in 1881 and subsequently studied civil technology at the College of Science. Pune. now known as the College of Engineering. Pune Upon graduating as an applied scientist. Visvesvaraya took up a occupation with the Public Works Department ( PWD ) of Bombay and was subsequently invited to fall in the Indian Irrigation Commission. He implemented an highly intricate system of irrigation in the Deccan country. He besides designed and patented a system of automatic weir H2O floodgates which were foremost installed in 1903 at the Khadakvasla reservoir near Pune. These Gatess were employed to raise the inundation supply degree of storage in the reservoir to the highest degree probably to be attained by its inundation without doing any harm to the dike. Based on the success of these Gatess. the same system was installed at the Tigra dike in Gwalior and the Krishnaraja Sagara ( KRS ) dike in Mandya. Sir M. V. supervised the building of the KRS dike across the Cauvery River from construct to startup. This dike created the biggest reservoir in Asia at the clip it was built. Sir MV was justly called the â€Å"Father of modern Mysore state† ( now Karnataka ) . During his period of service with the Government of Mysore province. he was responsible for the initiation of. under the auspices of that authorities. the Mysore Soap Factory. the Parasitoide research lab. the Bhadravati Iron A ; Steel Works. the Sri Jayachamarajendra Polytechnic Institute. the Bangalore Agricultural University. the State Bank of Mysore. The Century Club. Mysore Chambers of Commerce and legion other industrial ventures. Subsequently. during November 1909. Visvesvaraya was appointed as Chief Engineer of Mysore State. Further. during the twelvemonth. 1912. he was appointed as Diwan or First Minister of the deluxe province of Mysore. With the support of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Maharaja of Mysore. Visvesvaraya made an arguably unprecedented part as Diwan to the all-around development of the province. Not merely the Krishnaraja Sagara dike and reservoir. the steel plants at Bhadravathi. the Sri Jayachamarajendra Polytechnic Institute at Bangalore. the University of Mysore. Bank of Mysore Limited ( now State Bank of Mysore ) at Bangalore [ 1913 ] Karnataka Soaps A ; Detergents Limited ( KSDL ) – Govt Soap Factory [ 1916 ] and many other industries and public plants owe their origin or active nurturing to him. He was instrumental in the initiation of the â€Å"Government Engineering College† at Bangalore in 1917. one of the first technology institutes in India. This establishment was subsequently named the â€Å"University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering. after its laminitis. After India attained independency. Sir M. Visvesvaraya was given the nation’s highest honor. the Bharat Ratna. in 1955. Sir Visvesvaraya died on 14th April 1962 â€Å"The expletive of our state is laziness. At first sight every one seems to be working. But in fact. one adult male works and the others watch him. As person said with disdain. ‘it looks as if five work forces are working. But truly merely one-person plants. One adult male will be making nil. One adult male will be resting. Another adult male will be watching them. Yet another adult male will be assisting these three. † – Bharat Ratna Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya â€Å"Remember. your work may be merely to brush a railroad crossing. but it is your responsibility to maintain it so clean that no other crossing in the universe is every bit clean as yours. † – Bharat Ratna Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

Psychological Testing Essay Example

Psychological Testing Essay Example Psychological Testing Essay Psychological Testing Essay Psychological testing is a field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to assess psychological construct(s), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual. The technical term for the science behind psychological testing is psychometrics. By samples of behavior, one means observations of an individual performing tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand, which often means scores on a test. These responses are often compiled into statistical tables that allow the evaluator to compare the behavior of the individual being tested to the responses of a norm group. 2 Angry Men Manuel Paniagua Correa 12 Angry Men The communication process depicted on the movie was certainly effective. The 12 jurors’ decision involved the life of a young man. Even when the communication barriers sometimes froze the process of communication, the persistence of one of the jurors, juror 8, was key in keeping the men involved in the decision process. Jur or 8 was unlike the other jurors, he had the ability to keep the men engaged in the discussion that lead to the conclusion of the movie. Even though it was not easy, the main objective of providing a fair and unanimous decision was accomplished at the end of the film. During the jury decision process, communication barriers were present. All of the members that were involved in the jury had different backgrounds and culture. Many of the juries expressed anger, frustration and stubbornness regarding their respective positions. These jurors frequently interrupted one another and proved to be very disrespectful within the group. Communication barriers where present when they did not pay attention to each other. These barriers were evident when the jurors were centered only on their personal opinions and not willing to listen to their peers. Formal communication started when juror number 8 stated his disagreement and concern for the boy’s future. When juror #8 started expressing he’s uncertainty with the boy being guilty, he encouraged the other jurors or team members to critically think before passing judgment. The movie offered many instances where non-verbal communication expressed the group’s dissatisfaction with the current discussion. At certain times, during the process, the jurors coughed implying disapproval. They often times played simulated board games in order to keep themselves occupied while a team member speaking. Facial gestures was also evident, this expressed the member’s frustration and disapproval of the information that was being communicated. There were communication..

DAIMLER CHRYSLER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DAIMLER CHRYSLER - Essay Example The differences between Daimler and Chrysler provided the two companies a good opportunity for merger in order to streamline their operations. Daimler-Benz had specialized in production of luxury cars for sale in the upper market segments. The company had invested heavily in research and development and had long term technological experience that positioned it well in the industry above its competitors. According to Maielli (2005, p. 251), Daimler practiced mass production and focused on strengthening its technology to achieve a higher level of creativity. Although the company had an international market for its car models, it focused on a particular market segment hence the produced quantity did not enable the company to realize economies of scale. As a result of specialization in production of luxury cars the company was not able to utilize its technological capacity fully. Furthermore, the company had a lot of bureaucracy in its management that slowed down decision making processe s hence limiting the company’s potential for expansion (Slack, Stuart & Robert, 2007, p. 164). Daimler had a capacity of producing one million units of its products while Chrysler had a capacity of three million units. ... 316). The company had flexible work and time management that enabled employees to work even during the weekend and overtime in order to increase output. The company introduced a performance based rewarding system that recognized each individuals input in the company in order to motivate the workers. In addition, the company advocated teamwork with stakeholders in order to streamline their operations. For example, the company collaborated with its suppliers in order to reach the international market efficiently. Chrysler was less bureaucratic in nature (Kohler, 2005, p.314). Individual workers were allowed to make decisions on their own without having to consult senior managers. This managerial flexibility nurtured creativity in the company and simplified decision making process. The company engaged in developing new product designs for different market niches. The efficient and flexible management of Chrysler company enabled the company to come up with new car designs hence increased its market share (Maielli, 2005, p.258). The company had not focused much on research and innovations although it was producing different varieties of car models for various market segments. This created a potential risk of losing creativity and becoming technologically obsolete (Slack, Stuart & Robert, 2007, p. 197). The company lacked good base for foreign market since it focused on production for the domestic market, especially North America. However, the company enjoyed economies of scale due to large scale production for local market. The company had efficient manufacturing process that Maielli (2005, p. 251) describes as lean production. 2. What were the main differences between the Mercedes and Chrysler production processes and how did

Toyotas Advertising and Sales Promotion Campaigns Essay

Toyotas Advertising and Sales Promotion Campaigns - Essay Example This mix of strengths are, a very good understanding of market conditions in the different markets around the world, a very focused segmentation, targeting, and positioning to address these market conditions, speed and flexibility in manufacturing to meet the needs of these of these markets, commitment to lean manufacturing techniques and quality, to remain competitive, and provide value for money to their customers, and forward looking marketing strategy that attempts to incorporate new and emerging technologies into their products, to blaze trails in the new directions that automobiles are expected to take. Â  The weakness of Toyota lies mainly in its dependence on the automobile segment. Toyota has a diversified range of business activities that include automobiles, material handling equipment, textile machinery and electric components. Yet, there is over-dependence on the automobile sector as can be seen from the revenue generation. The automobile segment contributes 52% of the total revenue of Toyota. Looking at the changes that have taken place from 2000 to 2004 in terms of sales per employee, there has been a reduction causing a decrease in revenue per employee. This has had a negative impact on the productivity and efficiency levels in Toyota. (Toyota Industries Inc. Company Profile). Â  The oil prices have skyrocketed in the recent past and show no sign of decline with increased energy consumption from the emerging economies of populous countries like China and India. The worldwide focus has changed to looking for alternative sources of energy, including use in automobiles.

3D printing lub Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3D printing lub - Research Paper Example Groups face numerous challenges as they seek to achieve their objectives. Some groups lack unity of purpose. A group that is not committed to a common objective cannot achieve its intended goals. According to Argris (2010), such a group may be characterized by low performance because members do not have collective obligations towards achievement of common objectives. 3D printing club’s organizational culture is defined as the behaviors and values that contribute to the unique psychological and social environment of an organization. These include the organization’s experiences, expectations, values and philosophy. These attributes are exhibited in its interactions with the outside life, inner workings, future expectations, and its self-image. They are based on shared customs, attitudes, beliefs, and unwritten and written rules. Organizational culture depends entirely on the structure of the 3D printing organization (Purdue University, 2013). This paper focuses on 3D prin ting organization at Purdue University. 3D printing club aims to push and show Purdue individuals about the plans and practices of an alternate amassing system called three-dimensional printing. The club will offer a dynamic experience with this enhancement. It offers understudy training knowledge on active and administrations that are offered throughout workshops. These include 3-D printing, nimble manufacturing, rapid prototyping, direct advanced assembling, prototyping and other related points and making of completed item (Purdue University, 2013).

Life expectancy, the number of years that a

Life expectancy, the number of years that a 195462 A discussion of the factors that contribute to lower life expectancy in the west of Scotland as compared to other parts of the U.K Life expectancy, the number of years that a person can expect to live on average, is a single measure of population health which is used to monitor public health, health inequalities, and the outcome of health service interventions and to allocate resources. Life expectancy in Scotland The relationship between health and wealth is complex. One as yet unexplained paradox in Scotland is that, even when matched with their English counterparts of comparable socio-economic status, Scots are relatively less healthy over a range of indicators from age standardised mortality to specific disease outcomes (Figure 1). Figure 1: Directly standardised mortality rates per 1,000 populations, 1990/92, by country and deprivation quintile. These findings suggest that there are factors at work, other than simply wealth, which are making Scots unhealthier than people in other parts of the UK (Scottish executives 2007). West of Scotland: A Description West of Scotland is one of the eight electoral regions of the Scottish Parliament which were created in 1999. In terms of local government areas the region covers: West Dunbartonshire East Renfrewshire Inverclyde Most of Renfrewshire (otherwise within the Glasgow region) Most of East Dunbartonshire (otherwise within the Central Scotland region) Part of Argyll and Bute (otherwise within the Highlands and Islands region) Part of North Ayrshire (otherwise within the South of Scotland region) Within Scotland, life expectancy is lowest for people living in the west of Scotland. According to the Scottish household survey, healthy life expectancy at birth is 63.3years and 60.3years in females and males, respectively of greater Glasgow for example. These figures are the lowest in the UK (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007). Life in the West of Scotland While parts of west Scotland have prospered with greater employment and better paid middle-class jobs, in other parts ‘worklessness’ and low income are commonplace. The issue for west Scotland is that greater reductions in disease have been achieved elsewhere and so west Scotland’s health has become worse relatively in comparison to other UK cities. Estimates of life expectancy suggest that people living in west Scotland not only live shorter lives, but succumb to disease and illness earlier in life. An explanation to this is that the health of an individual is largely determined by the circumstances in which he or she lives. Poor health is associated with poverty, poor housing, low educational status, unemployment and a variety of other life circumstances (Tackling Health Inequalities 2007). Health inequalities within Scotland and between the west of Scotland and the rest of the UK appear to be widening. In the 10 years to 2001, average male life expectancy in Sc otland increased by 3% but the rate of increase was more rapid in the most affluent parts of the country, with the least affluent west areas falling behind (Whyte and Walsh 2004). The recent decline in death rates from common conditions such as cardiovascular disease has also been more rapid among the more affluent (Krawczyk 2004). Thus, despite the overall improvements, the west of Scotland still lags behind. Economic factors A number of trends related to the economy are also notable in West Scotland. There are now more women than men in employment in Glasgow and part-time work has grown to represent more than a quarter of all jobs. The service sector has grown to become the most important sector of the heart of West Scotland’s economy, while manufacturing employment has shrunk (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007). Social factors It is common knowledge that those who smoke, become obese through eating a poor diet or through lack of exercise, and those who drink alcohol in excessive quantities or abuse drugs have poor health. Smoking levels in west Scotland have remained higher than those observed in other parts of the UK. Hanlon and his colleagues (2001) have shown that, by 1991, deprivation appears to explain only 40% of the excess deaths in Scotland (2001). Gillis and his colleagues (1988) have found that, at comparable daily smoking rates and levels of affluence, men in the West of Scotland are more likely to die from lung cancer than other populations in the UK or the US (Gillis 1988) (Figure 2). Figure 2: Comparison of lung cancer mortality in Renfrew and Paisley with three major cohorts in US and UK. The increasing impact of alcohol is undeniable: There are estimated to be more than 13,500 ‘problem alcohol users’ resident within Glasgow City, and since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a striking increase in numbers of alcohol related deaths and hospitalisations especially in west Scotland. Simple projections of alcohol related deaths based on recent trends suggest that the number of alcohol related deaths in Greater Glasgow could double in the next twenty years (Figure 3) (Scottish executives 2007). Figure 3: Alcohol related mortality in West Scotland: Greater Glasgow The impact of the use of illicit drugs also serves to further decrease life expectancy in west Scotland in comparison with other parts of the UK. Between 1996 and 2004, drug related deaths in Greater Glasgow for example, rose by a third. There are estimated to be around 25,000 problem drug users in the West of Scotland, of whom more than 11,000 live in Glasgow (Scottish executives 2007). Life expectancy for drug addicts is expectedly very low and these figures will impact negatively on the overall life expectancy for the region. In Glasgow and other parts of west Scotland, it is predicted that single adults will account for 49% of all households in the next ten years, while lone parent households may rise to make up almost one in two of households with children (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007). Obesity levels have risen exceedingly in west Scotland to the extent that in Greater Glasgow, for example, a fifth of males and almost a quarter of females are now estimated to be obese, with well over half classified as overweight. Trends in hospitalisation for diabetes, much of which is associated with obesity, have also risen dramatically in recent years (Scottish executives 2007). A cultural issue The ethnic minority population of west Scotland has risen in recent years and looks set to increase further, particularly taking into account the recent rise in the asylum seeker and refugee population. The influence of this trend on life expectancy within the region remains to be determined (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007). Provision of services Despite improvements in overall house conditions and dramatic decreases in levels of overcrowding, housing-related problems persist for considerable numbers of residents of Greater Glasgow and the West of Scotland (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007). Recent research suggests other important ways in which the environment and life circumstances can affect biological processes which in turn can make individuals more susceptible to ill health. By following the progress of male civil servants over a 10 year period, Marmot and his colleagues found that mortality was approximately three times greater among the lowest grades than the highest (Marmot et al 1978). When deaths from heart disease were considered, the recognised risk factors of smoking, high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol levels could account for part of the differences between the groups. Other studies have confirmed that higher levels of risk of death in a working population are explained by health-related behaviours (Marmot 2000). There is mounting evidence that at least part of the unexplained increase in risk across the social classes is related to how the body responds to social stress. Available data shows that people are perhaps exposed to a high level of str ess factors in west Scotland (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007). Whether these stress types and levels are more or comparable to what is obtainable in other parts of the UK remains an unanswered question. . References Gillis CR, Hole DJ, Hawthorne VM, 1988.Cigarette smoking and male lung cancer in an area of very high incidence-II Report of a general population cohort study in the West of Scotland. J Epidemiology and Community Health 42: 44-48. Hanlon P, Walsh D, Buchanan D, Redpath A (2001). Chasing the Scottish Effect. Public Health Institute of Scotland (now NHS Health Scotland) Glasgow 2001. Marmot MG, Rose G, Shipley M, Hamilton PJ. (1978) Employment grade and Coronary Heart Disease in British civil servants. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1978 Dec; 32(4): 244-9. Marmot MG (2000) Multi-level approaches to understanding social determinants in Berkman and Kawachi (eds) Social Epidemiology New York. Oxford University Press pp 349-367. Scottish executives (2007) [Internet] Available at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/TrendLifeExpectancy Scottish Public Health Observatory (2007): Healthy life expectancy in Scotland (Internet) (Accessed 15/04/07) http://www.scotpho.org.uk/web/site/home/Populationdynamics/Healthylifeexpectancy/hle_intro.asp Tackling Health Inequalities – An NHS Response (2007) [Internet] (Accessed 15/04/07) www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/nationalframework/Documents/TACKLING%20HEALTHINEQUALITIES240505 Whyte B and Walsh D. (2004) Scottish Constituency Profiles 2004.www.phis.org.uk/info/sub.asp?p=bbb Krawczyk A. (2004) Monitoring Health Inequalities. Scottish Executive Health Department Analytical Services Division 2004.

The Truth About the Quebec Issue :: essays papers

The Truth About the Quebec Issue The Canadian unity crisis involving Quebec has been a controversial issue since before the country^s confederation. Surrounding the seemingly unsurpassable dilemma of unity there are three main obstacles. The significant lack of action for Canada on the part of many francaphone Quebecois, prevents any profound attachment to the country on their behalf. A mood of intransigence on the part of Canadians outside Quebec serves to alienate and anger the individuals within the province. A perceived leadership vacuum throughout Canada on behalf of its citizens contributes to a widespread feeling of hopelessness (Reid, 1991). The complexity of, and speculation towards, the Canadian unity crisis masks the infallible truth that while presently, there is no solution to the problem there is some hope for the future. Within the province of Quebec there is a significant lack of patriotism or any real attachment for Canada. In 1995, The Angus Reid Group asked a national sample of Canadians to describe how they personally felt about Canada. Four options were given: * I am strongly attached to Canada-I love the country and what it stands for; * I am attached to Canada, but only so long as it provides me with a good standard of living; * I am not attached to Canada and would prefer to see it split up into two or more countries; and * I would prefer to see Canada amalgamate with the United States. (Reid, 1995) Outside of Quebec, there was evidence of a high level of patriotism with over 85% of Canadians saying that they are deeply attached to the country and what it stands for. In the province of Quebec, only one-third of the population and only 20% of the francophones, displayed this level of affection for Canada. While there is debate over the cause for these statistics, some individuals believed that the statistics were as a result of lingering wounded pride because of the failed Meech Lake accord in 1991. Many Quebecois were insulted by the way that many Canadians outside of Quebec trivialized the situation, and the province^s demands. Others believe that this problem is indirectly the result of Canada^s official bilingual status. The reasoning behind this is that biligualism serves to even further alienate and differentiate the French within the country. This poses a difficult conundrum. Bilingualism can not be abolished because while it serves to alienate, it is also perceived! by the French as preserving their unique culture and identity. One hope is that through Canadian media a new stronger more unified identity can be achieved. Arguably, the CBC is this best forum for this shift in values because of its

Caribbean Sociology Essay

OVERVIEW Every discourse has a context. Every discourse has a motive. The Sociology that developed in 19th century France was a response to the social crisis that was experienced there at that time. The Sociology that developed in 19th century France had a context. The man who is considered to be the founding father of Sociology, Auguste Comte was convinced that a science of society was possible and would be capable of reconstructing French society. The major problematic of France in the 19th century was the need to reconstruct French society. Thus, the motive of 19th century European Sociology was to develop principles that would guide the reconstruction of France. It is extremely important to recognize that Auguste Comte was motivated by the need to make a contribution to the development of his society. As sociologists of the Caribbean, we cannot overlook this critical component of sociological discourse. Sociologists of the Caribbean must focus on making a contribution to the upliftment of the people of the Caribbean. In order to do this, we must identify the major problematic of the region i.e. the context upon which a genuine sociology of the Caribbean is built. Caribbean Sociologists can make a positive contribution to the development of the region. However, in order to this, they must adopt a highly critical perspective. We cannot continue to engage in what Holmes and Crossley (2004) refer to as the â€Å"uncritical, intercultural transfer of knowledge and models of development†. While sociological models of the Caribbean (plural, creole, plantation society theses) focus on the outer-structural features of the Caribbean reality, it is important to appreciate that Caribbean society is  reflected in a powerful way in the consciousness of Caribbean people. The peculiarity and complexity of the reality that is the Caribbean lies in the fact that making sense of the Caribbean is not simply about unravelling the denouement of social structure; moreso, it is about a peculiar and complex experience. The Caribbean experience is about human beings struggling to find a sense of place. This comes out powerfully in the work of Derek Walcott. I n the poem â€Å"A Far Cry From Africa†, Walcott writes: â€Å"I who am poisoned with the blood of both, where shall I turn divided to the vein? I who have cursed the drunken officer of British rule, how choose I between this Africa and the English tongue I love? I betray them both or give back what they give? How can I face such slaughter and be cool? How can I turn from Africa and live?† Derek Walcott’s work must be seen as a response to his experience of the Caribbean and as such must be regarded as sociological. Sociology is a response to social conditions. It does not have to be a science. It has to be true. We need to examine the Caribbean reality through pure lenses. The Caribbean region is an invaded space – a space invaded by capitalism. The notion invaded suggests that there is a fundamental difference between a genuine capitalist state and one that has been invaded. The Caribbean is yet to enjoy the benefits of capitalism as derived by real capitalist states such as the United States of America and Great Britain. It is safe to contend that the Caribbean is not a real capitalist space. The Caribbean is an end product of capitalism Mark Figueroa (2007) argued that the enigma of the Caribbean lies in the fact that the region has always been associated with capitalism. How then can we describe that space that has always been associated with capitalism? Related to the notion of invaded space is the notion of distorted space. A distorted social space refers to that which is characterised by multiple distortions and contradictions. The idea of distorted space has significant implications for the human beings that inhabit that space. Do we expect that the human beings of a distorted social space to have a healthy consciousness? Caribbean society was born out of oppression. Slavery was an oppressive  institution and therefore had a destructive effect on the human being. Slavery did not serve to humanise. Slavery dehumanised. We must come to terms with this fact – slavery had a dehumanising effect on Caribbean people. The question is: what have we done to rehumanise Caribbean people? Our issue in the Caribbean is to reconstruct the human being whose social and psychological orientation has been built on the legacy of an oppressive and dehumanizing system. The notions plural society, plantation society and creole society underscore the preoccupation of Caribbean social scientists with the structure of society. What we need to be concerned about is not simply the structure of Caribbean society but rather the state of the human being in the Caribbean. We should have developed perspectives on how to reconstruct the human being in the Caribbean. In so doing we would have been true to our context. In so doing, we would have contributed immensely to the progress of the region. It was Professor Hilary Beckles (2004) who said that the situation in the Caribbean is grave. He went on to say that we have not had economic growth in the region for twenty years. He therefore asked a very serious question: â€Å"What are we to make of our history?† I ask, what is the nature of the Caribbean development problem? THE INNER INNERNNER-DYNAMICS OF THE CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM The development problem of the Caribbean extends beyond the parameters of Economics. It emerges from a peculiar set of historico-psychological conditions. Non-economic factors therefore represent major components of the Caribbean development equation. Don Marshall’s (1998) examination of the West-Indian development experience illustrates the critical role of non-economic factors. Marshall argues that the key economic players –the planters, the merchants and the royalists had no real stake in the transformation of the region. It was not in the interest of these key players to transform the local economy. Rather, it was in the expansion of  the commercial sphere of the colonial economy that the planter-merchant elite could reproduce and entrench itself. The behaviour of the plantermerchant elite in West-Indian society is no doubt peculiar. It portrays the planter-merchant elite as a class motivated not solely by the need for capital accumulation but rather by the need to preserve its position of dominance. This paper contends that people of distorted social spaces do act in opposition to themselves. We now examine the link between capitalism and a poverty of consciousness. I refer to a study I conducted in 1998. The title – Dependency in a Banana Producing community in rural St. Lucia: A micro-level Sociological Investigation. The main aim of the study was to unmask the meanings that banana farmers attached to banana farming. CAPITALISM AND CONSCIOUSNESS Introduction The Shift from Sugar to Bananas in St.lucia  Caribbean societies are very unfortunate in the sense that they do not ‘own their spaces’. While capitalism developed naturally in Europe, capitalism invaded our space at a time when we were not ready for it. Invasions such as these do not facilitate the natural progression of the consciousness of a people. The introduction of the banana industry into the St. Lucian economy in the early 1950’s represented a significant historical moment. It was the first successful cash crop since slavery. Once again, the space that we refer to as the Caribbean was invaded by capitalist interests. It was the post-second world war period when Britain had lost its hegemony of the world. Consequently, it became more expensive for Britain to import fruit from America. Britain then encouraged its colonies to produce bananas for the British market. At the time of the introduction of the banana industry, St. Lucia had a vibrant peasantry whose efforts resulted in a relatively diversified agricultural sector. Casimir and Acosta (1980) note:  mono-production was not as acute in St.Lucia as in the other West-Indian islands. The country enjoyed a comfortable position as far as the production  of food was concerned.  The radical shift from sugar to bananas that occurred in the late 1950’s was possible through the existence of a vibrant peasantry. Elsie Le Franc (1980) noted St. Lucia’s uniqueness in that it was the only Caribbean island to have switched completely from one monocrop to another. In 1951, sugar represented 47% of the total value of St.Lucia’s exports, ten years later however, sugar represented a meager 1.3% of total exports. Plantation development in St.Lucia was relatively poor due to the instability created by the fourteen wars between France and Britain for its possession. As a result, land was available for the ex-slaves to squat upon rather than work for low wages. The planters were therefore forced to adopt the metayage system that allowed them to reap the benefits of labour without paying wages. Through the metayage system, peasants worked a plot of land, paying rent in the form of produce. This opportunity allowed the peasant class to develop a sort of independent spirit from the early stages of emancipation. Apart from being suitable to the poor economic situation of the planter class, the system of metayage was also suited to the orientation of the rural population. Peter Adrien (1990) notes the strong sentimental attachment to the land and the practice of communal ownership. By the late 1950’s peasant production had replaced plantation production in St. Lucia. It was therefore the rise of the peasant class that enabled the radical shift from sugar to bananas in St. Lucia. At that crucial point in St.Lucia’s history when a vibrant peasantry had overthrown the planter class, a banana industry invaded the possibility of the emergence of an autonomous peasant class that could have evolved into a true capitalist class. The invasion of the banana industry disturbed the movement towards the establishment of a diversified agricultural sector in St.lucia. Consciousness and the Banana Experience It was discovered that the banana farmers under study attached a very special sort of significance to money. For them, money was not simply about the ability to satisfy  material needs and wants. Rather, money performed a vital function within the  context of the ‘denuded self’. The latter was confirmed by the fact that these banana farmers relied on external stimulants such as alcohol and marijuana. In fact, alcohol was the best selling commodity of the community. The research also revealed that the banana farmers under study saw themselves as neglected by society, they did not feel part of the society. They said to me that the general feeling in the society was that Castries, the capital was St. Lucia. They felt alienated particularly with regard to the language. The formal language in St. Lucia was English while the language of the peasant was creole. The idea that farmers would do anything for money was extremely pervasive and is linked to the idea of the ‘denuded self’. This craving for money seemed to be  associated with isolation and neglect, as money helped to bridge the gap between the conditions of their existence and those to which they aspired. There was also a kind of nakedness about the banana farmer that needed to be clothed as banana farming was perceived to be a low-status activity. As a low status activity, banana farming was regarded not for its own worth but rather for the money that was associated with it. It was therefore not difficult to predict that the collapse of the banana industry would lead to the direct movement of the young farmers in particular into the illegal drug business. In addition, a significant proportion migrated to neighbouring Martinique where they felt at home as far as language was concerned. It was concluded that while the farmers were earning a steady income and while we celebrated the importance of the banana industry to the economy using proclamations such as â€Å"the banana industry is the bedrock/mainstay of the society†, banana farming created among the farmers a false sense of selfhood, one based on money/materialism. Their notion of self was based on  their ability to possess material things; their notion of self revolved around money. It cannot be said that this is linked in any direct way to an upliftment of consciousness. It is unfortunate that the development discourse of the Caribbean does not adequately deal with the component of consciousness. Development has to do with the evolution of consciousness in the positive direction. When genuine development takes place in a society, it results in the upliftment of the consciousness of the people of that society. As stated earlier, the Caribbean region is characterized by a poverty of consciousness. What form then should Caribbean sociology take? The work of the sociologist of the Caribbean must be linked to the major problematic of the Caribbean. Caribbean sociology must be fundamentally different from other sociology. Caribbean sociology must be about raising the consciousness of Caribbean people. SOCIOSOCIO-POETRY As a Sociologist of the Caribbean, I have identified a context and a motive for Caribbean sociology. The context is what I refer to as a poverty of consciousness. The motive therefore is to raise the consciousness of Caribbean people. My response so far has been the development of a new field – what I refer to as Socio-Poetry. Socio-Poetry is much more than poetry that is stimulated by sociological issues – the issues of poverty, crime, domestic violence, HIV/ AIDS, dysfunctional social institutions, unemployment and so on. Socio-Poetry is also about re-defining the boundaries of research and knowledge-making arguing for the greater use of imagination in capturing the complex and peculiar contours of the Caribbean. Socio-Poetry emerges from the conviction that the complexity and peculiarity of Caribbean society cannot be captured in its entirety by scientific methodology. Socio-Poetry offers a critical perspective. With regard to a critical perspective, in looking at â€Å"Research Development Initiatives in St. Lucia†, Holmes and Crossley (2004) argue that the development agenda in small states such as those of the Caribbean lacks the critical dimension. Holmes and Crossley therefore make a case for forms of knowledge such as music, dance and art that are in harmony with the socio-cultural reality i.e. knowledge that is sensitive to the meanings, values and processes underlying events and actions. In addition, Dr. Bhoendradat Tewarie laments  the lack of attention paid to critical thinking in the Caribbean. Speaking of the extent to which critical thinking is being practiced at the University of the West-Indies, Dr. Tewarie contends: †¦.I suspect it’s not as widespread as it needs to be and perhaps we are not as persistent at it as we should be given the current environment. Dr. Tewarie also argues that by writing about our own situation in the region, we will develop perspectives and insights about ourselves to share with others in the rest of the world.  Socio-Poetry is a step in that direction. Socio-Poetry is an alternative form of knowledge that represents the blend of sociological analysis and imaginative insight. Socio-Poetry is about writing about the Caribbean in an interesting way in order to reach a wider audience. To date, I have published two works of Socio-Poetry. My first work was called ‘SEEDS’ – that was a response to the crisis of identity of the Caribbean. ‘SEEDS’, was meant for adolescents and it was also aimed at portraying the role of the arts in human development. The Harvest is about consciousness-raising. It is about writing about the  Caribbean in interesting ways so as to stimulate dialogue, debate and further critical analysis . Please allow me to expose you to a socio-poetic portrait of the Caribbean from â€Å"The Harvest†: LICKS Five women at the street corner licking ice-cream, strawberry flavour. Five licking women clutching cones in the sun. Tongues racing against the disappearing hills. Licks for banana, licks for cane-sugar. And then the hands, the hands that served tongues, fall below the waists defeated, leaving five licking women in anger, searching for sweetness on cracked lips. Tongues never win. They’re trapped by teeth that delight in tasteless carriers of cream. Licks for banana, licks for cane-sugar. Five licking women stranded at the street corner. They’ve lost the way to the river, the sun burns. More ice-cream on a strawberry streetcorner. Licks for banana, licks for cane-sugar. The poem ‘LICK S’, examines the situation of the Caribbean in the global economy. It highlights the way in which we reinforce our status of dependency by being the tongues of the world, ready to ‘lick’ foreign produced goods at the expense of our own development. Essentially, the poem speaks to the notion that we are both the ‘lickers’ of the world as well as  those who get ‘licks’. Dependency is a fundamental fact of life in the Caribbean and we cannot wait till students get to the university level to expose them to it. Therefore, while, we may not be able to teach the work of Lloyd Best and that of Andre Gunder Frank to Secondary school students we can expose them to LICKS paying great attention to its theme. In so doing, we would be raising the consciousness of our secondary level students on the dependency status of the Caribbean. It is extremely important to expose students of  that age group to these themes as they are integral to who we are and as many of these students will not move on to university.  Through socio-poetry, a sociologist of the Caribbean is not merely focusing on teaching at the University level but is developing ways of taking her analyses of Caribbean society to the lower levels of the education system. The motive is to raise the consciousness of Caribbean people. A sociology of the Caribbean must be a practical project, one with a specific, practical purpose; one that is linked directly to the major problematic of the Caribbean. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adrien, Peter. 1990. Capitalism, Metayage and Development: A shifting shifting Pattern of Development in Dennery, St. Lucia, 18401840-1959. 1959. Masters Thesis, University of the WestWestIndies, Consortium graduate School of Social Sciences, Jamaica. Beckford, George. 1967. The WestWest-Indian Banana Industry. Industry. Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research. Casimir. J and Y. Acosta. 1982 . Social Structural changes in St. Lucia. Holmes Keith and Michael Crossley (2004). â€Å"Whose Knowledge, Whose Values? The Contribution of Local Knowledge to Education Policy Processes: A Case Study of Research Development Initiatives in the Small State of St. Lucia. Lewis, Arthur. 1993. The Evolution of the Peasantry in the British WestWest-Indies. London Tewarie, Bhoendradat (2004), â€Å"Critical Thinking†. St. Augustine News, October 2003 – March 2004:10. 2004:10. Walcott, Derek. Collected Poems. Faber and Faber, London. 1996. Walcott, Derek. Omeros. Farar Straus Giroux, New York. 1991.

sushitissuelearn

sushitissuelearn SIMULATION IDEAS BLIND -Blindfolded to feel braille, walk around space, FINE MOTOR ISSUES - Put on rubber gloves and then try to tie shoes or button a shirt or put socks on their hands and have them try to pick up a dime. SENSORY ISSUES - Try on gloves with scratch paper or stick a small piece of scratch paper on the inside of their clothing/ label tags. ADD/ADHD - Listen to a story on headphones while at the same time having somebody ask them about their favorite school subject/food/movie to experience what kids with auditory-processing problems might face, etc. DEAF/ HEARING - Put cotton balls in their ears and then listen to instructions at each station. MOBILITY/ FLEXIBILITY ISSUES - Have participants try to pull a sticker off their back without raising their arms above their chests (e.g., loss of flexibility). VISION PROBLEMS - Have participants put on non-prescription glasses covered with petroleum jelly and try to read a label on a pill or cough medicine bottle (e.g., blurred vision). For those participants with glasses, you can place plastic wrap over their glasses for a similar effect. VISION PROBLEMS - Have children hold a large distorted magnifying lens and have them walk on a line of tape on the floor that is hard to see through the lens. DYSLEXIA - Have participants try to read or draw by looking through a mirror, seeing what someone with dyslexia might see. Display braces to use Display adaptive technology to use Display adaptive devices to use Sit in a wheelchair, use crutches, etc. Assistive dogs Lower limb mobility: Tie a dowel or ruler to the back of the leg so that the leg could not bend. Try putting on trousers, shorts, socks, shoes etc. Walk upstairs. Join in a game which involves...English: The Horizon Centre Sundridge Close Adult ...

Tree at my Window Essay Example

Tree at my Window Essay Example Tree at my Window Paper Tree at my Window Paper Robert Frosts Tree at my Window and The Sound of the Trees both share common grounds with regard to their structure, sound devices, tone, and imagery-not to mention the central leitmotif which is the tree. Frosts Tree at my Window begins as follows: Tree at my window, window tree (line 1). What immediately catches our attention is the mirror-structure in which the first line is presented. This deliberate syntactical symmetry carries the implicit notion that the tree may be more than a provision from Mother Nature but an object of profound self-reflection. These first few lines of Frosts The Sound of the Trees reinforce a sense of delicacy. The sense of delicacy is derived primarily from Frosts repetitive use of words that contain relatively long and complaisant vowel sounds. Tree and window, for instance, reinforce this sense of tenderness that is closely associated with nature-as trees are a part of nature. In fact, The Sound of the Trees has a similar beginning with regard to Frosts use of sound devices. His first three lines contain three words with the letter w, which is a sound element technically referred to as glides, suggesting duration and weight. His wonder[ing] about the trees, therefore, is one characterized by the narrators profound and serious attitude. Nonetheless, there is something that differentiates the beginning of The Sound of the Trees from that of Tree at my Window: tone. His use of tone in Tree at my Window, initially, is more casual. But his use of tone in The Sound of the Trees, especially enhanced by the serious attitude of the narrator, carries an immensely contemplative and, simultaneously, sentimental feeling. The Sound of the Trees is simply more evocative in the beginning due to Frosts command of sound elements that reinforce the slow, contemplative attitude of the narrator. And the choice of this contemplative mood fits this poem perfectly because a large idea that underlies this poem is the narrators trajectory towards death. Subsequently, from line 2 onwards, Frost humanizes the tree as he writes: But let there never be curtain drawn between you and me (lines 3-4) Not all your light tongues talking aloud could be profound (lines 7-8). Not only does Frost reinforce the tree as the narrators existential equal, but by writing, [b]etween you and me, Frost draws our attention to the intimate (more than simply nature-versus-human) relationship between the tree and the narrator. He also draws our attention to the physical wall, that is the sash; and perhaps also to the narrators sound resolve that he will not lose sight of the tree by letting the curtain [to be] drawn. And the narrators resolve is one that springs from his awareness, a realization that, should the curtain cover the sole lens through which he sees the tree that is his source of reflection and satisfaction, he will have lost something tremendously valuable. Therefore, lines 3-4 reinforce the significance of the tree to the narrators mind, reaffirming the trees role in this poem as a central leitmotif. On top of all this, Frost uses certain techniques to instill in us a sense of familiarity and connection for this leitmotif that is the tree. Firstly, anthropomorphism of the tree establishes a sense of connection between the tree and the narrator. The narrators direct and explicit address to an abstract and nonhuman entity-the tree-effectively humanizes the tree, thereby establishing a stronger connection between the two. Secondly, by associating the tree with an entity as ubiquitous and diffuse as cloud, Frost establishes a sense of familiarity and tenderness. The association of the leaves with diffuse clouds also evokes in us the notion of physical maneuverability and, conceptually, freedom. Whereas Tree at my Window evokes in us these positive emotions that comprise the narrators psychic experience, Frost runs with a far gloomier picture in his poem The Sound of the Trees. As can be seen in both poems, Frost has a penchant for nature, and namely the kinds of revelations into human thoughts derived from his observation of nature. In The Sound of the Trees, we are introduced to an emotionally debilitated narrator who is inclined to make the reckless choice as he sees the trees sway, from the window or the door (lines 17-18). The reckless choice is most probably suicide, taking into consideration the overall context of the poem. What starts off as the narrators complaint about the noise of these trees soon develops into a more serious and depressing contemplation. With the final line, But I shall be gone, the narrator forebodes his death. The Sound of the Trees is not a tale of perpetual gloom and despair; for instance, as is clear from lines 15-16, My feet tug at the floor/And my head sways to my shoulder, there are lyrical representations of a trees movements. And Frosts close attention to the trees swaying movements is yet another commonality between the two tree poems. In The Sound of the Trees, these tree movements reflect clearly a need for contentment, which has to be pursued by a change, but the roots which tug at the floor perhaps are illustrating the limitations of that end.

Complete a lab report using the scientific method

Complete a using the scientific method - Lab Report Example is case, the understanding the microvariability degree of the soil in an area, together with factors that lead to variability is extremely vital for experimental and practical agriculture (Kang, 2008). In order to gain knowledge on soil microvariability, this paper explores the variation degree in some soil and the maize yield. In this paper, we hypothesize that there would be more yield in an arable land than in nonarable land. The null hypothesis of the study will be that there would be a higher maize yield in arable land than in non arable land. The impact of mineral nitrogen fertilizer was observed on the yield of maize crop. This yield was measured in milligrams of dry mass harvested in 100 acres for a period of a year. The process was done for both arable and non arable land in the sites close to Germany, and Malle. The maize yield was observed from 1990 to 1988. The climate variation on both types of land were also recorded. From the results, it is evidenced that in a percentage nitrogen concentration of 0.12, there was more maize yield in nonarable land than in arable land. This shows that there were differences in the management practices involved in the arable, and in nonarable land (Moss, 2007). It can also be agued out that the amelioration, and fertilizer addition in the different soils were responsible for the different yield of maize (Murphy, 2006). In this respect, the study rejects the null hypothesis thus adopting the alternative hypothesis of the experiment. In this respect, the alternative hypothesis includes; a lower yield in an arable land than in nonarable

Disability and Economic Change in Africa Research Paper

Disability and Economic Change in Africa - Research Paper Example The analysis is from poverty and being employed to economic responsibility and social participation. According to statistics, 2 persons in 20 are disabled and most live in the upcoming countries. The World Bank also, estimates that 1 in 6 is the poorest. Poverty and disability are closely related directly and inversely, they are causes and consequences of the other. Households subjected to poverty are exposed to disabling situations by lack of diet, little access to medical health care, vulnerability and high chances of accidents. It has a great capacity to destroy the lives of the disabled and burden their families (Ashgate, 698). In this study, the aim is to show the variation of income of homes with and without disabilities. Households with members who are impaired are grouped as the affected households and the others, unaffected households. The research showed that about 300 of 5000 selected households had one or more impaired person, relatively poor. Despite these challenges, there is ignorance concerning the economic importance of focusing on the growth and development of people with disabilities and their supporters. In the country, the source of income is in the agricultural sector therefore, the employment level is very low. The supply is lower than the job demand and the non-disabled are the only employed (Ashgate,712). The marginal farmers do not hire workers rather they depend fully on their physical strengths thus, the impaired have catastrophic consequences. Only males are employed in large number and females left to care for their disabled, so the loss of income by the men results in the high amount of debts (Ashgate, 722). The level of unemployment leads to poor living standards of the family members.

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Article Critique - Essay Example In their article, Jehlen and Kopkowski identify two major factors that are driving the push to disband large urban high schools in favor of small schools of less than 400 students. These factors are No Child Left Behind and large grants given by the Bill Gates Foundation. The article presents a brief overview of the positives and negatives of the small high school approach and then examines two sample high schools and presents interviews with the educators in these schools. One major issue the article does not address is the exact reasons that No Child Left Behind and the Bill Gates Foundation are causing such an impact on school reform. The authors mention that No Child Left Behind calls for increasing consequences for schools with lagging achievement and then state that these consequences force the schools to do something, regardless of what that something is but provide no additional details. Also, Jehlen and Kopkowski state that the Gates Foundation provides money to promote the building of smaller schools, but then contradict this information by revealing that the Foundation is no longer in support of smaller schools but is in support of more qualified faculty. A breakdown of the amount of money that the Gates Foundation donates to school districts would help the reader understand the amount of influence the foundation has. In the first of two high schools that are the focus of the article, the authors present Wyandotte High School in Kansas City, Kansas. The school was a large high school with discipline problems ranging from arson to assault. After breaking the school into small learning communities, discipline problems plummeted and test scores rose. Jehlen and Kopkowski interview several teachers who all agree that the reform was positive. The only problem with the analysis is that the authors present such an extreme case. Very few schools deal with arson and assaults on the faculty with any regularity. The teachers working in this school admitted that they did not want to return the next day to teach. With subjects such as these, the study is biased. In such a difficult school, teachers would vastly overestimate the value of any reform that had any positive results. Any reduction in behavioral problems would be lauded by staff and administration. The second high school that Jehlen and Kopkowski focus on is Life Academy in Oakland, California. In Oakland, the school budget is being cut and the school illustrates the negatives of moving to the small school format. The teachers are forced to teach multiple preps, there is very little variety in the curriculum, and there are very few extracurricular activities. The analysis of Life Academy suffers for the same reason as that of Wyandotte High School. Few systems are in the extreme budget crunch of Oakland, and teachers who are in underfunded schools are more likely to report negatives of any reform. So, it is unsurprising that the interviews that Jehlen and Kopkowski conducted at Li fe Academy were primarily pessimistic. Overall, I believe that the current idea in school reform is a move forward in technology. School districts are still attempting to create smaller schools, but the push is for online education. Smaller schools cost more in resources, personnel, and other factors. Online education is much cheaper and requires fewer resources than smaller schools. Since districts are now concerned with saving money, the current school reform is online

Comparisons of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Essay Example for Free

Comparisons of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Essay I think the decisions of both Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were unethical and wrong. To start with, they were both dropouts of college. Bill Gates was a drop out of Harvard University and Steve Jobs dropped out of Berkley University. Steve Jobs was adopted where as Bill Gates had his original family. Steve Jobs was a very odd man, to say the least. He was a hippie in the early days of his life. He did drugs such as acid. Bill Gates was a very plain boring person. He loved to play poker and was a very wreck less person in his actions. Steve Jobs did not develop the original ideas of Apple; instead, Steve Wazniack was the original inventor of the Apple Computer. Both Bill Gates and Steve Jobs went to MITS wanting to test out the Altair, the owner of MITS gave both Steve and Bill a Altair unit, Bill had to talk the owner into giving him one though because Bill wanted a $4,000 signing bonus. Bill Gates goes to IBM and offers to license them an operating system called DOS, little did IBM know that they did not even have it yet, IBM is willing to buy a license to DOS. Therefore, Bill Gates buys DOS from a Seattle worker for $50,000; when the worker hears that he is willing to give him $50,000 dollars, his jaw hits the floor, and he sells it right away. Steve Jobs is a giant jerk to his employees. He makes them work 90 hours weeks, screams, and yells when they do not accomplish a huge task on a small deadline. He made an employee so mad one time that the employee jumped up and slammed Jobs’ face off the wall. Bill gates on the other hand, is a very caring person when it comes to his employees, he is afraid to over work them and gives them lots of vacation time. Both men are married and have children. Steve Jobs’ tried to deny that he was the father of his first-born daughter Lisa. The Apple Lisa was named so because of her.