Location

Whenever I am feeling kind of down or just need to get out of the house, I love to go to my barn, where my horses are. My horses are pretty much part of the family and mean so much to me! Also, they are the best listeners in the world and have so many things that make them such wonderful animals. I really love going and spending time with my horses because it is so quiet and relaxing. Some people may think, â€Å"Eww, doesn’t it smell bad? † but no it doesn’t smell bad at all to me. I am so use to that manure smell! Not only is there just the manure smell but the amazing smell of the horses, which to me is the best scent! It is like a sweet smell blended together with the fresh cut alfalfa in the summer time, so fresh and new. To me this is such a soothing smell and I love it! When I am out there I really like to just sit on the wooden fence and watch them, talk to them or whatever I feel in the mood for doing. Admiring them is fanaticizing to me because they are such beautiful animals and their personality makes them so much more beautiful. Watching the sunset is always amazing too when I am out there. Watching how the day is coming to an end. The birds, rabbits, cats, dog all the wildlife around how they transition from day to night. Everything about being out and around that red barn is so awesome to me. Being an animal, my horses can’t talk back to me verbally (of courses) but they have their own way of speaking to people physically. That’s why I love going to them when I have a problem that’s really upsetting me or if I just need to tell someone a huge secret. They are so good at sensing when something is wrong. They can feel when your sad, mad, upset, nervous, all of the above! Best of all, they listen when you are feeling these emotions. I believe this has a lot to do with the reasons why I love and care so much. They listen to anything you have to tell them, and best of all; I can trust that they won’t tell anyone. They are truly amazing animals and they best of friends! One of them, Quana, have the most outrageous personality and he always makes me feel better no matter what! I have always gone to my horse ever since I was little. Being with them means a lot to me because I know I can trust them with whatever it is I need to tell them. I don’t have to worry about them telling people what my deepest secrets are, like most people do nowadays. Also, they will never judge you for who you are! They will accept you even if you’ve made the biggest mistake of your life. Once a friend always a friend is what I believe they believe. I consider myself very blessed to have this kind of friendship in my life. Not many people get to experience that trust I have with them. Also, the bond we share. No matter where life ends up taking me down the road I can almost guarantee that this will always be a very special place in my heart. I will keep the memories I have with them and hopefully try to show other people what my horses have taught me will the loyalty they’ve shown me.

Management Functions and Roles Essay

This week I interviewed Mr. Bradford, the health care administrator of Willis Knight Health Center. Mr. Bradford has been in the health care field for 17 years. He has been the coordinator and director at the Willis Knight Health Center for 11 years. Human Resources and leadership are two most pressing functions according to Mr. Bradford for his organization. Human resources is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. humanresources. about. com). Human Resource is also a strategic and comprehensive approach to managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Effective human resource management enables employees to contribute effectively and productively to the overall company direction and the accomplishment of the organization’s goals and objectives. (humanresources. about. com) Leadership plays an important role as well. As a leader you should be able to create more leaders, you must be able to have the people following you stand up and get noticed so they in turn have other people following them while a chain of responsibility and cohesiveness forms so you create a well-oiled machine. Working with different individual on daily basics there is no way that you can satisfy each and every one. Creating a safe, healthy and happy workplace will ensure that your employees feel homely and stay with your organization for a very long time. Paying out bonuses or having any kind of variable compensation plan can be both incentive and disillusionment, based on how it’s administered and communicated. Adopt a systematic approach to ensure that knowledge in databases to provide greater access to information posted either by the company or the employees on the knowledge portals of the company. Have open house discussions and feedback mechanism as a leader you should be able to take constructive criticism. (empxtrack. com) There are five key challenges or areas, some strategic and some operational. Leadership, pay and reward, equality and diversity, talent management and service transformation and efficiency. Placing and shaping community leadership and delivering services to empowered and engaged citizens requires a new order of leadership skill and capacity from public sector leaders, both political and managerial. Pay and reward remains the immediate battleground for HR in the short term. National negotiating machinery is increasingly out of touch with the needs of local employers, politically directed by ministers and, as a consequence, is more focused on managing cost managing cost pressures and the broader economic position. Increasingly, the need to ensure organizational approaches to diversity has a true focus upon communities and community cohesion has meant that the role of HR in shaping, supporting and embedding good approaches to equality and diversity. Supply and demand: talent spotting and development and, most importantly, the ability to deploy talent effectively for the future means that HR needs to provide resourcing and development solutions that are faster, more flexible and technology enabled to reduce the bureaucracy and paper-based approaches that many still protect and love. Finally service transformation and efficiency the big challenge, in the future get involved with service transformation and modernisation. (personltoday. com) In conclusion to better services the people we serve is to continue to educate the staff, make winners out of your staff, always make individuals better as you become better and have a great relationship with your staff and patients. Additions to training life experiences can help alone the way, best lessons learned are the ones we learn on our own.

Legal Research on the laws, which impose caps or limits on punitive Paper

Legal on the laws, which impose caps or limits on punitive damages for tort recovery in all the states of USA - Research Paper Example Alabama Alabama Code S. 6-5-410 (a) states that punitive damages can be levied for unfair actions, negligence or omission of any individual or company. Upon proving negligence, the above section allows to claim for punitive damages. S 6-11-20(a) permits for punitive damages in civil cases where it has been demonstrated that â€Å"the defendant wantonly or consciously involved in fraud, malice or fraud.† For proving malice and fraud, there should be a presence of an intentional act. Alabama State proscribes the award of punitive damages in litigation against a master when a case is filed under vicarious liability or against state agencies. Alaska Sec.09.17.020 of Alaska statute permits to claim punitive damages.As per this section , the punitive damages for outrageous , reckless acts will be awarded either of the following, and it should not exceed the greater of ; Three times of compensatory damages levied to the claimant. â€Å"A sum of $ 500,000.† There are separate limits for employees who have been injured by the action of employers. If a claimant is awarded punitive damages, then the court will insist that half of the punitive damages awarded shall have to be paid into general fund of the state. If the punitive damages is covered by an insurance policy , then the insurer will have to pay the punitive damages to the claimant on behalf of the defendant unless if there is any exclusion clause for the coverage of PD.PD. Christopher T.Stidvent , Tort Reform in Alaska : Much Ado about Nothing? , 16 Alaska L.Rev. 61 (1999) (March 30, 2012), http://www.lexis.com 3 Arizona There is no statute setting cap on punitive damages under tort in Arizona. However , there exists case laws on the subject. In Hyatt Regency Phoenix Hotel Co. v Winston & Strawn , it was held that for recovering punitive damages under Arizona’s law , the claimant has to demonstrate that defendant involved in outrageous and aggravated demeanor with an ‘evil mind’. The same view was held in some Arizona cases like Rawlings v Apodaca , Thompson v Better-Bit Aluminums Prod. Co also. In†Gurule v Illinois Mutual Life & Cas. Co.† , it was held that if a defendant acts with the required evil mind , thereby by defrauding , injuring or intentionally mediating with the privileges of others , by disrespecting the risk of poignant harm to them. Bruce C .King and Carol J.Patterson, Ethics, 25 Construction Lawyer Journal. 5, (2005) (March 30, 2012), http://www.lexis.com 4 Arkansas Under ARK CODE ANN  § 16-55-207 as amended in 2010 , a claimant should convince the onus of evidence demanded under  § 16-55-206 by obvious and convincing proof so as to recover punitive damages

Case Study - Groups and Teams in Organisation Essay

Case Study - Groups and Teams in Organisation - Essay Example The use of virtual teams in every aspect of the business leads to significant communication issues with many subtleties of the messages being lost due to the limited ability of virtual teams in the field of communication. This pose a danger to the company in case important points might get missed out. Hence it is very important to eliminate this problem. Teams form an integral part of the present business world. Most of the tasks are carried out by a team rather than an individual. Teams can be of various kinds: Project teams with team members having complimentary skills; natural work team with team members having overlapping skills; self-directed team with the members managing the team by themselves or a virtual team where members are based out of different locations and collaborate through communication techniques (Scholtes et al., 2003). In order to work efficiently and effectively, teams shall have clearly defined purposes and goals, scope and boundaries of work, knowledgeable and skilled members, and access to resources such as data and communication tools. Virtual teams can be defined as teams crossing time zones, distance and organizational boundaries through the use of technology (Lipnack and Stamps, 1999). Virtual teams present a promising solution to the recent phenomenon of globalization. However, team problems are more i n virtual environment. The use of virtual teams for all the business purposes at VeriFone has increased communication issues amongst the team members. In order to remove these issues, we need to train the employees about the intricacies of working in a virtual team. We shall train the employees in the areas of cross-culture team collaboration and the usage of appropriate communication tools. In order to make sure that no point is missed, we shall try to use two modes of communication for every piece of information that we may want to

Internship SWOT analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internship SWOT analysis paper - Essay Example One of the key strengths within the sales and marketing department is the strong marketing team that employs the digital tools of marketing. As a result, the company has benefited from an expansive market segment resulting to high sales. As the result of the increased revenue, the company has been able to expand its operations in the local markets. Similarly, the experienced marketing managers within the sales department have effectively handled all the issues ranging from employees welfare to customer complaints. In turn, there has been a strong positive relationship between the workers and their team leaders. However, there has been no adequate training of the sales executives a fact that has been noted as one of the weaknesses of this department (Hill and Westbrook, 1997). Within the Finance and Accounting department, the company employs computerized accounting packages including the QuickBooks and Sage. As a result, paper work within the department has greatly been reduced. Based on the haste and effectiveness of the modern accounting systems that the department has employed, it has been possible to easily compute the sales executive’s commissions and deductions. A notable weakness of the Finance and Accounting department is that very few employees know how to use the accounting packages they are using. As a result, during the days when the accounting package users are not at work, the company operations are negatively affected. One of the major strengths in the management section is the experienced and motivated human resources. Having worked in well known fashion companies in US including Acushnet Company, American Eagle Outfitters and The North Face, the management team has gained adequate experience that it uses to streamline the activities of BB Company. However, the management failure to involve the employees in decision making process and lack of regular workers evaluation are notable weaknesses within the department of management. This has

A Critical Analysis of the Role of a Teacher Facilitating Children's Essay

A Critical Analysis of the Role of a Teacher Facilitating Children's Development in Speaking and Listening - Essay Example In the process of doing so, the paper discusses several speaking techniques and the role the teacher must possess to facilitate students in the process. The paper begins with the teaching aspects in listening and mentions several mild but powerful techniques, such as the teacher fronted listening technique where the teacher adopts the role of a reader who reads at a pace comprehensible by students, and the turn taking and topic management techniques where the teacher adopts the role of an expert in cognitive psychology. Sometimes the teacher has to adopt a role that encourages the students to explore the capacity of their minds. Several techniques for such a scenario have been discussed at length implying a deeper reflection used to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate (Dawes, 2008). Nowadays, language delay and word poverty are some of the biggest issue being generated in the society, therefore, the paper assess the role a teacher in the speaking up approach as well. In order to inculc ate the art of oracy, the paper discusses techniques that aid the development of a child’s thinking power which must be started from key stage 1. It has been established through the literature that there are many views focused on developing these skills at an early age, for the purpose of which, besides different techniques, the paper highlights the role of teacher as a facilitator and establishes this as of utmost importance. Teaching aspects in Listening After scanning the environment in which the session must be conducted, and collecting the material needed for the process, the teacher must also be well aware of the Key Performance Indicators of his/her job. Below are stated the most common strategies that are needed to instill the art of listening in children as well as the role required by the teacher when these strategies are applied. The teacher fronted listening technique One of the typical roles a teacher adopts when inculcating the art of listening into the students is the activity of listening to stories. For example the teacher selects stories for children that are from level 1 and 2 and contains only a few words unknown. Then the teacher slowly reads the story where each sentence is read at a pace comprehensible by the students. When an unknown word comes, the teacher writes it on the board and reads it twice. In this way, when the word comes again, the teacher quickly points to the board and the students identify it. This technique thus instigates the interest of learners to maintain their interest in what they are listening and also understand what they are listening to. Oral cloze exercises: Developing active listening in students compels the teacher to critically analyze the skills needed by the students and requires efficient strategies adopted by the teacher to meet them (QCA, 2003). One such strategy is the oral close exercise which involves the children to guess the next upcoming words. For example, the teacher starts the story and every 50 seconds stops so that the learners could guess the word without too much interruption in the story. The guess is immediately followed by the answer from the teacher (Newton, 2009). Picture ordering and ‘What is it?’ Technique: Another strategy is the Picture ordering and the ‘what is it’ technique. In the former, a wrong arrangement of pictures is used and the students are forced to use their listening abilities. For example, the students first listen to the description and then replace it with the right order. As for the latter strategy, this technique involves the teachers to describe something where the students have to further identify it.

Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Homeland Security - Essay Example As an assistant to a state-level director of Homeland Security, I would ensure that the state security is not taken for granted and that all security personnel maintain a smooth communication process. This paper discuses how National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) model can benefit the state-level Homeland Security procedures. One of the major challenges that affect the security systems at the state-level is lack of coordination between different departments responding agencies especially during emergencies. This implies that for the security personnel to have the ability to deal with the security situations there is need to streamline communication between the agencies involved. Having been established in 2004, National Incident Management System aims at incorporating best practices into a comprehensive national approach to security measures. The concept of Incident Command System (ICS) was established in 1970 after the wildfire that hit Californ ia resulting to loss of 16 lives and huge destruction of the properties and burning of over one-half million acres burned (National Incident Management System, 2012). ... disasters response personnel and the agencies that are involved in the operations may be working in a different frameworks and team leaders as they are used to, NIMS and ICS model will be appropriate to improve coordination. Additionally, the model provides a formal command structure that allocates each of the tasks to a particular individual. This implies that as different agencies and units arrive at the scene of disaster or terrorism, they are aware of their duties an aspect that will make the homeland security achieve its objectives of offering maximum security. After the establishment of ICS, the leaders of Homeland Security led by Tom Ridge and Secretary Brown realized that police department, fire departments and most of the cities were effectively using it. However, some departments such as public works, law enforcement and public health were hesitant in adopting the ICS. This led to the adoption of NIMS as a way of ending such discrepancies. A notable importance of NIMS and I CS model that can benefit the state-level Homeland Security procedures is that it provides intelligence function that is aims at gathering and sharing related information and technology. For example, agencies involved during an incident can easily access intelligence that relates to classified information and national security. Additionally, the model allows sharing of information and proper communication on the matters relating to risk assessment, medical intelligence, structural designs of the buildings, weather information and toxic situation of the materials in the incident locations. One of the key aspect that makes ICS model to effectively deal with the security measures at the state level is the use of proven management tools that are offered by DHS during the ICS training programs.

How to become a police in the United Arab Emirates Research Paper

How to become a police in the United Arab Emirates - Research Paper Example On May 6, 1976, the Armed Forces of the seven United Arabs Emirates became unified. The union merged the Sharjah National Guard, Abu Dhabi Defence Force, Mobile Force of Ras al Khaimah, and then the Dubai Defence Force together with the other emirates’ small protection forces. The union was a great achievement for the United Arabs Emirates – it helped the nation become a ‘contemporary institutional state’. Statistics from the United State’s Department of State indicate that at present, the United Arabs Emirates’ Armed Forces consist of approximately fifty-thousand active-duty military units, with roughly two thousand five hundred in the Navy and four thousand in the Air Force (Thomas par. 7-8).Role of the Police and Security Apparatus in the United Arab EmiratesThe duty of the national police officers of the United Arabs Emirates entails maintaining public order, preventing and investigating crimes, and taking care of the lives as well as guar ding national and individual possessions of citizens. They have the responsibility of ensuring that citizens obey the state’s laws and regulations. It is the responsibility of police officers to maintain law and order, to stop individuals from engaging in any criminal activity, and to arrest offenders. Police officer jobs are of various kinds and the main police divisions include civil defense, criminal investigation, emergency police, traffic, immigration, nationality and passports, courts-martial, trials, and prisons.

Tucson Community Profile Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tucson Community Profile - Assignment Example Investigation, development, along with production within A & D forms the key economic facets for Tucson. Also, Tucson community is positioned amongst the best five within the country in this sector. Also, Tucson economy comprises of aerospace-related companies, manufacturing ultra-modern fields, production, distribution, along with warehousing and business aviation repairs. Davis-Monahan Military Base as well is a noteworthy component of Tucson society and the primary driver of growth of Tucson since 1950. It generates over one billion US dollars in the financial system per annum (Luckingham, 2015). Furthermore, Raytheon Missile facilities are the leading NGO industries within Tucson, having in excess of 10,800 workers. Likewise, historically, Tucson has been a junction for traders within Southwest area as well as the main center for shipping as well as logistics till presently. Additionally, Tucson’s closeness towards Mexico State, its position at crossroads of Pacific Railwa y Major Line, 2-11 as well as 2-20, along with Tucson Global Airdrome offer ease plus swiftness for delivery of products. Numerous companies, comprising of Target as well as HomeGoods, have decided to position center of distribution in Tucson (Luckingham, 2015). Fascinating Attractions Tucson provides a fascinating array of sceneries in addition to attractions. Local attractions comprise of the National Parks of Saguaro (both Eastern as well as a Western side), the planets celebrated Desert of Arizona-Sonora Museum and Sabina Gorge.

Communicative maturity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communicative maturity - Essay Example Concisely, all these varied aspects of my life have curved me into a mature and ambitious individual that will be noteworthy and contributive in the life ahead. I have taken majors in Finance and Supply Chain Management, and it is my highest desire to continue my lifelong learning process that inclined me to attend your Language School, one of the most credible institutions. Since few decades, experts have indicated rapid advancement in the wave of globalization, and it has now become very imperative to be aware of other languages and cultures, essential for personal, as well as collective development and progress. Since I know that I have passion for language, I can learn French language in an effective manner. During these years, I have been managed my life through effective management of my responsibilities towards family, work, and school activities. In addition, as an immigrant, I worked very hard to learn English that was essential to be a part of American life. In this regard, English language allowed me to create relationships that I now enjoy and adore with my classmates, colleagues, and people around me. Moreover, English language enabled me to avail various opportunities in the United States that have now enhanced my quality of living. It is very important that an individual should set realistic objectives, and my desire to involve myself in a long-learning process has resulted in my application for learning French language. In other words, this language program will open new avenues.

The History of Valentines Day Essay Example for Free

The History of Valentines Day Essay The story goes that when the Roman Empire wars broke out married men did not want to leave their families, younger men did not want to leave their sweethearts. As a result of the low enrolment of men to fight the wars, Claudius the Cruel ordered that no more marriages or engagments should be celebrated. A priest, named Valentine, defied the order and married young couples in secrtcy. When Claudius discovered what had happened, he had Valentine dragged off and imprisoned, where he died. What he did for young lovers was remenbered and is still celebrated on St. Valentines Day. Steps: 1. Italic, center and increase the font size of the title to 18 points. 2. Make the paragraph 12 points Courier New (not the title) 3. Indent the first line of the paragraph 4. Underline the words â€Å"men† in the paragraph 5. Bold any form of the word â€Å"Valentine† in the paragraph 6. Spell check the document (there should be 2 spelling errors, but Claudius is spelled correctly) 7. Highlight the answer to the following question: Who married young couples when it was ordered that no more marriages should be celebrated? 8. Use the cut and past options to put the following steps in order: Valentine was imprisoned for not following orders Claudius the Cruel ordered not more marriages. Married and young men didn’t want to leave their loved ones for war. 9. Include a header in the right upper corner. 10. Insert and center below the corrected story a clip art of a valentine or other mentioned item of the story.

How the marketing plan of Sainsbury supports strategic objectives

How the marketing plan of Sainsbury supports strategic objectives To discuss the strategic marketing in particulars first i would like to discuss the definition of strategic marketing so any marketing strategy which makes the company or organisation future scenario brighter or stronger is known as the strategic marketing. http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=strategic-marketing The example of the organisation whose marketing strategy i would like to discuss here is Sainsbury and we would see and discuss its strategic marketing policies from different perspectives and angles and try to discuss all different tools and techniques Sainsbury uses to make its marketing strategy so before starting our work here is the little introduction of Sainsbury as an organisation. John Sainsbury created the corporation approximately 140 years ago. Sainsbury objective has always been to give their clients with healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food. In fact, Sainsbury aim is to be the most excellent for food and health and in 2006 they were ranked top for health by the National Consumer Council. This tribute was achieved not least because of their trade-leading manifold traffic light dietary labelling system, which they have rolled out to approximately 4,000 produce. It was also a consequence of the hard work they have made to get rid of hydrogenated vegetable oils, taste enhancers, fake colours, aspartame and saccharin from their foodstuff, to thrash government targets on salt decrease and connect clients in open, honest dispute about the barriers to well eating. But being ranked the best for foodstuff and healthiness will mean nothing unless they struggle to keep that position. This year they will be operational even harder to encourage their clients and social group to live vigorous lifestyles and to continue to make the commodities they sell as fresh, healthy and reasonable as they can. http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/cr2007/index.asp?pageid=86 LO1. how the marketing plan of Sainsbury supports strategic objectives To discuss this further first we will have to see what are the strategic objectives of Sainsbury .Sainsbury has five core objectives which are as follows. Great food at great prices To make on and stretch the guide in food. By contribution of customers passion for healthy, safe, fresh and delicious food, Sainsburys will carry on to bring new and provide path in delivering excellent products at lighprices, sourced with dependability. increasing the growth of complementary non-food ranges and service To go on to accelerate the growth of non-food ranges and services following the ethics of quality and value and to give a broader shopping knowledge for customers. Reaching more consumers through extra channels To enlarge the reach of Sainsburys brand by opening new expediency stores and developing the online operations. Growing supermarket space To enlarge the Companys store estate, aggressively seeking and initialising a pipeline of fresh stores and extending the mainly under-developed store collection to provide an even better food offer while also rising space for non-food ranges. Active property management The ownership of possessed assets gives operational litheness and the utilization of potential growth opportunities will maximise value. http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar10/businessreview/corporateobjectives.shtml Now after analysing these major objectives of Sainsbury we can see how the dissimilar the marketing plan of Sainsbury impact on these objectives. The strategy of the Sainsbury impacts on the marketing plan before discussing this topic we will have to observe what is the dissimilarity between marketing strategy and marketing plan . marketing strategy is a outline of your companys products and position in relation to the rivalry; your sales and marketing tactics are the exact actions youre going to undertake to achieve the goals of your marketing strategy. So in effect, you cant have a marketing plan exclusive of a marketing strategy. But a marketing plan without a marketing strategy is a misuse of time. The marketing strategy gives the goals for your marketing plans. It informs you where you should go from here. The marketing plan is the exact roadmap thats going to get you there. http://sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/marketing/a/marketingplan.htm TV is an significant part of our medium mix delivering both sales returns and creative flexibilty with a mixture of spot advertising and sponsorship. Anna Shirley, National Advertising Manager, Sainsbury Sainsbury requirements to reach all customers with its Try Something New Today campaign TV is used to emphasize the brands exceptional range of new food ideas split of the grocery marketplace increases year on year The impacts Sainsburys advertising strategy is designed to get people off the shopping treadmill and into more courageous eating. beneath the strap line Try Something New Today inaugurated in September 2005 the store and representative Jamie Oliver aim to revive the nations kitchens with more interesting meals. The confront is the make sure this message delivers out from rivals persistent focus on every day low prices. Sainsburys wants to communicate that not only can it supply great excellence at good prices but also that its the only store giving such a wide variety of useful ideas. As a main supermarket it also has to express this message to the as broad group of people as possible. The plan is to reach all possible Sainsburys customers and not just the well off. http://www.thinkbox.tv/server/show/ConCaseStudy.763 the component parts in marketing plan of Sainsbury à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ huge food at fair prices: To construct on and make bigger the lead in food. By input customers · passion for healthy, safe, fresh and delicious food, Sainsbury ·s will carry on to innovate and provide guidance in delivering quality products at reasonable prices, sourced with honesty. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ accelerating the enlargement of balancing non-food range and services: To continue to go faster the growth of non-food ranges and services next the principles of excellence and value and to give a broader shopping experience for clients. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ getting more consumers through additional channels: To expand the reach of Sainsburys brand by opening new expediency stores and just beginning the online home delivery business. in spite of current financial conditions these principles remain important for consumers who give Sainsburys most credit among the four main supermarkets for addressing the issues of most worrying to them. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() 1.3Issues of risk within a marketing plan of Sainsbury Sainsburys pattern for risk evaluation is reviewed at regular intervals as is a suppliers status and this may vary as the corporation learns more about the site or as standard develop. Sainsburys policy is to intend for constant development of sites by establishing suitable improvement tactics with sensible timescales. The risk evaluation process joint with the assessment of risk significance for countries enables Sainsburys to prioritise its monitoring plan. The pecking order for monitoring is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self assessments by suppliers (low risk) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Visits by Quality Managers/Quality Assurance Managers (medium and high risk) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ outside audits (medium and high risk) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢various-stakeholder monitoring (through ETI pilots) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Working with business to undertake industry wide issues e.g. commodities such as cocoa and coffee High and medium risk suppliers overall current status: Sainsburys has 262 elevated and medium risk straight suppliers. Of these, 155 have received an outside audit during the last two years. Some 15 sites are still to receive an audit and Sainsburys plans to fund and complete these over the next few months. The balance of 87 was audited in2001.These suppliers are calculated high or medium risks because they source from high or medium risk countries. Those suppliers who have not before done so will concentrate three supplier workshops in 2010. These will highlight Sainsburys expectations that suppliers bring in monitoring further along the supply chain and focus on action plans going forward. Monitoring in 2010- summary: Audits have been approved out in 40 countries. More cooperation have been identified in 2006 than in 2007 due to a change in reporting style. In 2004, if auditors had picked up three issues on one audit it was only raised as one nonconformity. This year Sainsburys has reported them individually. It was decided in the strategy check at the end of 2001 that all suppliers would complete a self appraisal form, which would be held on site. The level of fulfilment to this policy is being assessed as part of an overall supplier fulfilment procedure audit looking at due thoroughness within the supply chain. In summary: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 468 self-assessments by suppliers to date à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 163 visits by Quality Managers/Quality Assurance Managers http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/er_2002_eti.pdf 2. 1 levels of importance of each component to Identify the the plan You cant do a marketing plan exclusive of getting many people concerned. No issue what your size, get advice from all parts of your corporation: finance, manufacturing, workers, supply and so onin adding to marketing itself. This is particularly important because it will catch all aspects of your corporation to create your marketing plan work. Your key people can give sensible input on whats attainable and how your goals can be reached, and they can split any insights they have on any prospective, as-yet-unrealized marketing opportunities, adding another aspect to your plan. If youre fundamentally a one-person management operation, youll have to show off all your hats at one timebut at least meetings will be short! Whats the association involving your marketing plan and your business plan or vision statement? Your business plan spells out what your company is aboutwhat you do and dont do, and what your final goals are. It encompasses further than marketing; it can include talks of locations, recruitment, financing, strategic alliances and so on. It includes the vision thing, the booming words that spell out the magnificent purpose of your company in stirring language. Your business plan is the U.S. Constitution of your business: If you want to do something thats exterior the business plan, you need to also change your mind or modify the plan. Your companys business plan gives the surroundings in which your marketing plan must grow. The two documents must be reliable. http://www.entrepreneur.com/marketing/marketingbasics/marketingplan/article43018.html 2.2 mitigation strategies for high risk components of the plan Ever-changing patterns in client insist, globalization, multi-channel sharing, outsourced built-up, increased competition, security pressure, economic instability, and a growing focus on sustainability all add to the difficulty of supply chains. The slump especially has highlighted the call for to build a risk-proof supply chain thats more able of dealing with market fluctuations, cost instability and local political instability. Climate modify poses another layer of risk to the supply chain, as more harsh and regular climate patterns threaten physical assets, such as industrialized plants, as well as food supplies and access to safe, steady sources of energy. British grocery leader Sainsburys warns that the short-term and long-term turbulences to its supply chain from weather change could considerably increase the functioning costs for suppliers, which would, in turn, brunt its business. Variable product prices around natural resources such as oil and food products and fuel prices also have a crash on the business. Sainsbury of late won the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply Awards 2009 for its work on a zero food waste to landfill project, which will use anaerobic absorption technology to turn all of its food waste into electricity by 2012, rather than burying it in the ground. This will also save the corporation money, as the government is brusquely increasing landfill taxes year-on-year to dishearten profligate practices. Sainsburys CEO Justin King said working with suppliers to decrease the supermarkets own carbon and energy bill is absolutely essential. http://www.supplychaindigital.com/taking-command-supply-chain 2.3 marketing plan of Sainsbury So Sainsburys is next to Tesco into the world of buy one, get another later deals. Sainsburys is starting the marketing promotion Buy Now, Free Next Time. customers will get a coupon at the till point offer them the chance to claim a second product during their next shop, rather than choose it out instantly as in present buy one, get one free offers. The system will first open as a test in 470 Sainsburys stores to see if it attracts customers using just two goods white baguette sticks and Pampers brand nappies. clients will have two weeks to convert the vouchers and only four items implicated in the scheme can be used per deal., it has yet to open its version in stores, giving Sainsburys the obvious advantage in innovating how it executes its marketing promotions. (http://brandstrategy.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/sainsburys-joins-tesco-in-buy-one-get-one-later-deals/) 3.1 the plan of Sainsbury to support strategic objectives Start with a careful scrutiny and clear indulgent of the strategy and objectives of your business. What is the corporate growth strategy? This wide understanding is important for at most for three reasons. First, marketing knowledge is required to employ theoretical corporate strategy. Second, important marketing decisions such as which market niches to tackle, manufactured goods distribution channels, and direct marketing plans run directly from business strategy. And third, top management thinking and state of mind should provide the base for initialising the strategic marketing plan. Begin by recognising your strategic business unit (SBU). This might be an whole company, a dissection, a product line, or a single product, as long as that unit is a split body for planning purposes (i.e., has its own management, admittance to resources, competitors, positioning plan, and customers). An SBU must be great enough to be a significant unit for strategy formulation and assessment, yet small enough for efficient preparation and marketing management. There are four important elements to strategic planning at the SBU level: recognition of the business position Analysis choice of strategies organization of controls What business are you in? In promotion Myopia, his classic 1976 article published in Harvard Business Review, Theodore Levitt pointed out that many organisations have gotten themselves in deep problem because they unsuccessful to understand just precisely what business they were in. After knowing the nature of your business, move to a Situation Analysis, which might also be referred to as a marketing audit. You should do such reviews regularly to confine a picture of your current status. Your situation, of course, includes both external and internal components. External check Financial-demographic variables. Financial forces are always significant; for example, an growing economy has basically different implication than one that is in economizing. You must also realize demographic factors, and particularly demographic shifts. Technological variables, which now change at fast speed. New procedures, new goods, and new markets for formerly unimagined goods are the norm. certainly, the stipulate for new products/service can vigour you into obsolescence if you dont keep up. You simply cant pay for to ignore this aspect. Political-legal variables, counting regulatory and tax issues, reporting needs, and the innumerable other issues that crash your business. The comparative impact depends on your sector, as management policies that are good for one sector can do important damage to another sector. Sociocultural variables, the slight market and psychosomatic forces that change demand patterns and market dynamics. Internal check. Then turn to a full review of internal processes, as well as information systems, product position, competition, delivery channels, market development, sales reimbursement, marketing costs, and expense budgets. This picture gives you an objective stage from which to jump into the meat of the strategic planning development. http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/columns/market4.htm 3.2 An approach of Sainsbury to gain agreement for the marketing plan Sainsburys also developed a strong private-label program. By the mid-1990s, its own-label products brought 68 percent of total sales. Four of the companys other products in particular made headlines in the early 1995s. Novon, a laundry detergent introduced in 1992, brought Sainsburys move into head-to-head competition with national brands. Within just six weeks of Novonas introdion the companys share of the detergents market doubled to 23 percent. In 1995, Sainsburys changed the formulation and packaging of its own cola beverage, reininventing it as Classic Cola. The budget-priced cola featured red cans with italicized letters and a stripe; ads promoted the drinks Original American Taste. Within just a few weeks, Classic Cola won 14 percent of Britains total cola market, while sales of both Coca-Cola and Pepsi at Sainsbury stores plummeted. Not surprisingly, an incensed Coca-Cola demanded that Sainsburys modify its packaging, claiming that the brands resembalance stopped customers fr om discerning between them. The supermarket chain acquiesced, but significantly decreased the rival brands share of shelf space in stores. In a new effort at novelty, Sainsburys launched Sainsburys Bank ing February 1997, becoming the first supermarket organisation to open a fully licensed retail bank. A joint undertaking 56 percent owned by Sainsbury and 44percent by Bank of Scotland, Sainsburys Bank originally offered telephone banking services in Sainsbury supermarkets, including two credit cards and two savings accounts. By early 1997 the new bank had 710,000 customer accounts with  £1.6billion on deposit and had begun contributing personal loans and mortgages. A entire host of additional economic services were introduced over the new little years. Sainsburys Bank was lucrative for the first time in fiscal 2000. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/88/J-Sainsbury-plc.html 3.3 evaluation and review measure for the agreed plan of Sainsbury Sainsburys are abounding with continuous market research data from recognized sources such as Mintel and Nielsen and also from related suppliers who may have commissioned research. customer research can be:   qualitative (e.g. group discussions, taste panels)   Quantitative (e.g. large scale shopper surveys). But developers also need to be aware of: marketplace trends These can also be monitored through presence food related exhibitions, spirited shopping and visiting countries overseas. Food   health styles and   lifestyle trends The team will look at expediency food use, particular person household data and any issue that could influence product growth. These come from Government information or client suggestions, e.g. Our Healthier Nation. Report and request for lower fat choices led to the expansion of the Sainsburys Be Good to Yourself variety. Sainsburys possess knowledge management systems give NPD teams admission to the latest best practice, allow them to share ideas via an ideas bank and find out from previous teams experiences in developing other products. Ideas may initiate from many sources, e.g. Sainsburys idea developers, suppliers and customers. Develop concept samples to own Brand Strategy 1.   Preparing product idea brief PLAN: The project squad explores the different product alternative available with select supplier(s). Sainsburys must propose a supplier to produce the product this decision is base on a number of aspects such as the quality of product samples and costs submitted, as well as their past performance on present lines produced. No producer can supply Sainsburys unless they have been visited, assessed and accepted. This ensures that the product will be manufactured to Sainsburys severe safety and quality standards. A product idea concise is also produced at this stage. A product conception brief is an first outline of the product and considers aspects such as the plan of the packaging, the pack size, important product attributes (e.g. % chicken) and any on-pack claims (e.g. low fat). Samples are often ready in the kitchen at this stage for an early sensory assessment these are known as kitchen samples. 2. idea Vs the Brief ACTION: Working with one or more suppliers, samples are shaped. At the same time, product safety is examined and prices are broken down for investigation. The safety of a product must be examined at the initial possible stage in the development procedure no product can be initiated without Product Safety endorsement. This assessment is called Hazard investigation and Risk evaluation. HACCP is a key part of this procedure. Suppliers are asked to give a flow chart of the process from the sourcing and receiving of ingredients and covering right through the manufacture, packing, storage and supply of the product. At each point in the process a team of Sainsburys expert spot potential food safety hazards and make a decision to controls and checks that must be put in place to guarantee the safety of the finished product. 3.   justification of Samples CONFIRM: The manufactured goods are trailed and tested. This step will also include sensory assessment. Samples of the product are continuously tested and examined throughout the growth process. A Quality feature Sheet sets out criteria for the look, smell, taste and texture of a product. The product is described in feature, listing precisely how a perfect product should do These criterion are obvious on a scale from 1 to 3. 1=reject and 3=meets quality. Sensory assessment may be carried out by the supplier as well as Sainsburys in its Food Centre. The centre has a range of amenities which are used to perform sensory valuation. The sensory booths are used to record the responses from tasters via a contestant. The program can record their preferences (i.e. likes and dislikes) for a variety of products, or evidence descriptions. http://www.activekidsgetcooking.org.uk/activekidsgetcooking/Secondary+Awards/Pupil+Information/The+five+gate+model+for+NPD.htm Conclusion In this report i have tried to discuss briefly the strategic plan and marketing plan of tesco and also tried to explain different between the two phenomenas and we learned that how much its important for an organisation to make its marketing plan which actually determines the future of the company. REFRENCES http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=strategic-marketing http://www.activekidsgetcooking.org.uk/activekidsgetcooking/Secondary+Awards/Pupil+Information/The+five+gate+model+for+NPD.htm http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/88/J-Sainsbury-plc.html http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/columns/market4.htm http://brandstrategy.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/sainsburys-joins-tesco-in-buy-one-get-one-later-deals/ http://www.supplychaindigital.com/taking-command-supply-chain http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/er_2002_eti.pdf (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() http://www.thinkbox.tv/server/show/ConCaseStudy.763 http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar10/businessreview/corporateobjectives.shtml http://www.entrepreneur.com/marketing/marketingbasics/marketingplan/article43018.html http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/cr2007/index.asp?pageid=86

Career Development Is A Continuous Process Career Education Essay

Career Development Is A Continuous Process Career Education Essay Twenty or so years ago in the old world of work there was emphasis on the following: making a career choice for a long-term career; concern with only one career theme; hierarchical progression (climbing the career ladder); having a career and job for life; loyalty to one company and employer; benefits and a pension in recognition of loyalty. The 21st century world of work is very different. With rapid developments in technology and globalisation of the economy and job markets, there is an increase in competition. The global economy is focused on information generation and delivery of services. There is constant outsourcing of work, downsizing of companies and customising of jobs. More people are in temporary and part-time employment and increasing numbers of people are self- employed. In most occupations there is a trend towards change, unpredictability, spontaneity, innovation and creativity and a demand for people with interpersonal and intrapersonal skills. Many careers today can thus be described in terms of the following: uncertainty, unpredictability, insecurity, reduced likelihood of promotion, work intensification, increased likelihood of mobility out of ones initial occupation, non-standard contracts, part-time work and self-employment In this context one needs to think of oneself as a portfolio of skills (4-8 career changes will probably be made in your lifetime). There is a constant need to invest in maintaining employability, engaging in life-long learning and enhancing ones personal growth. Increasingly, individuals also have to manage their own benefits such as pension schemes and medical aids. To be success in career development, we have to continue to have high adaptation. We should be flexible, adaptable and willing to gain knowledge and learn new skills. Besides, as a key of success, we must be prepared for lifelong learning the ability to access information and develop knowledge and enhance new skills on an ongoing basis. It is essential that you are constantly on the lookout for possibilities to develop yourself and your skills. There is a trend toward multi-skilling: the acquisition of a number of different skills rather than just focusing on the skills in which you were originally trained. Continuous learning process is essential in career development. In career development, building up a valuable network of contacts so that we are able to increase our network coverage in the future. Besides, we have to be prepared to perform tasks that may not be exactly what you want to be doing, but which could pave the way for future development (develop transferable skills). On the other hand, dont expect to stick to the same job for your entire life. It is advisable to move around while you can. Gain fresh experiences. In fact, find yourself a mentor-someone whom you can rely on to give you feedback, encourage you and help you to find opportunities to develop in your career. The last but not the least, learn to work effectively in a team. Right from your first year make a start on your career development. Career development is not about planning exactly what you will do for your career from the time you start studying to the day you leave; its about exploiting every opportunity that you come across to acquire new skills which will enhance your employability. The career development process is aimed at achieving self-knowledge and learning how you can become as marketable as possible in the current world of work. In order to be able to develop your career and make effective career decisions you need to engage in self-reflection and self-assessment from time to time in order to ascertain your current position and progress. If you know yourself and have insight into who you are, you will be better able to know where you could be going. This knowledge will equip you to plan and develop your career path effectively. It is important that you ensure that you have the necessary skills and attributes which are needed in the current job market, especially in the light of the constant changes and developments in the various fields of work. Rapid change in the use of technology itself creates a need for continual updating of ones skills. Your academic qualification alone these days will not guarantee you a job. These are any relevant skills that you have developed in one context that can be transferred to another. The skill of organising, for example, is one such transferable skill that employers look for. Perhaps you gained this skill through organizing a camp for underprivileged children, which involved arranging a venue, transport, a caterer and a programme of events. Although you might not do exactly the same in another work context, the skill of organizing something is one you could transfer. General skills such as public speaking, time management, problem-solving and taking the initiative can be built up during your studies. Speak out in tutorials, hand in assignments on time, go beyond what the lecturers require of you by learning to take the initiative and to solve problems. By participating in activities outside of the lecture room, you will not only develop transferable skills but also learn more about yourself. It is important to get involved as early as possible. Look for organisations such as clubs, societies, teams, church groups, Peer Helping etc. which will give you the opportunity to make a meaningful contribution and learn and practise skills such as communication, leadership and teamwork. By taking on many different roles, you will learn about yourself. You will get to know what you are you good at and what you enjoy. Consider what excites you and what makes you enthusiastic. Make a note of these activities as they may be the very things around which you should build your career. To sum up, the dynamic business environment in this society creates the demand for the employees to continue to learn. Career development is a continuous process to enable employees to excel and sustain themselves in when the business undergoes digitalization, globalisation and differentiation. 2. Compare Hollands approach to career development with Roes. Summarize the similarities and differences.(25 marks) Osipow (1983) classified John Hollands work under the trait approach to career development and Isaacson (1985) classified it under the personality-based theories of career development. Career choice and career adjustment represents an extension of a persons personality. Holland proposed four working assumptions. Hollands assumption on the nature of the personality types includes people develop relatively permanent sets of behaviors or personalities that they seek to express through occupational choices. Besides, Holland assumed that people project their views of themselves and of the work world onto occupational titles. Assessment of these projections serves to identify information about the occupational areas that might be most satisfying for an individual, as well as to illuminate relevant aspects of the individuals personality. Hollands topology based on the several principle theories, first vocational choice is an expression of personality. Vocational choice is not only a reflection of specific aspects of personality. This type of choice expresses who the person is as a whole. For example, it is important to consider their history, their perception of reality and their social context. Second principle is the interest inventories are inventories of personality. Vocational preferences are expressions of personality. Individuals chose an occupation based on their knowledge, their personality and their aptitudes. Therefore, vocational choice is greater than simply using certain abilities within a specific context. It is also a lifestyle, a way of being. Vocational choice is the actualisation of personality as a whole. The next principle is Vocational stereotypes. A number of stereotypes are attached to various professions. Perception of professions differs according to age, experience and social status. Most psychometric assessments do not take into consideration these different perceptions. Individuals could be influenced to stop their vocational choice based on stereotypes that are more or less valid. It is important for a vocational choice to be made based on a realistic perception of various professions. There are a few more principle includes Members of a same profession share personality types and individual stories that are similar, similarities found in a vocational group play a role in the creation of a specific work environment and vocational satisfa ction, its stability and its development are directly attributed to the degree of congruence between the individuals personality and the workplace environment However, there are two major tenets in Ann Roes Theory. First, Freuds psychodynamic preposition that focuses on childhood experience, where what happens in the past affects the present. Second, The Maslows need theory focus on the influences of need to occupational choice, where people look for certain jobs that will help them to fulfil their certain needs. The incorporation of theory in predicting ones occupation will be explained by using Roes Circular Model. In term of findings, Holland found that there are six basic types of work environments in U.S. society; RIASEC. There are six corresponding modal personal orientations; the way the person typically responds to environmental demands; RIASEC. People achieve the most work satisfaction when their work environment matches their modal personal orientation. R / REALISTIC Realistic people are doers. They are independent, stable, persistent, genuine, practical and thrifty. They prefer to deal with things rather than ideas or people. They are no-nonsense, matter-of-fact, down to earth individuals. They excel at tasks that are tactile, motoric, physical, athletic or mechanical. They value things that are natural, concrete and tangible. They like the outdoors, tools, machines, animals and working with their hands. (Farmer, Carpenter, Naturalist, Athlete, Police Officer, Military Personnel, Forester, Landscaper, Mechanic, Sculptor, Veterinarian, Chef, Surgeon, Plumber, Electrician, Pilot, Fire Fighter, Repairer, Animal Breeder, Animal Trainer, Steelworker, Miner) I / INVESTIGATIVE Investigative people are thinkers. They are intellectual, introspective, introverted and inquisitive. They are curious, methodical, rational, analytical and precise. They excel at tasks that are scholarly, abstract, scientific, medical or technical. They enjoy activities that involve thought, observation, investigation, exploration, discovery and exploration. They are avid readers. They like to solve puzzles, perform experiments and engage in research. (Biologist, Chemist, Anthropologist, Sociologist, Historian, Scientist, Medical Doctor, Botanist, Meteorologist, Astronomer, Environmental Analyst, Pharmacist, Optometrist, Dentist, Engineer, Economist, Dietitian, Psychiatrist, Nurse, Coroner, Lab Technician) A / ARTISTIC Artistic people are creators. They are intuitive, sensitive, articulate, expressive and creative. They are unstructured, original and nonconforming. They rely on feelings and imagination. They like to work with abstractions, ideas, concepts and ambiguities. They are emotional, spontaneous and open-minded. They excel at tasks that are literary, verbal, visual and aesthetic. They like art, music, dance, drawing, painting, sculpting, drafting, drama, writing, communications, design and fashion. (Singer, Writer, Dancer, Interior Designer, Painter, Actor, Copy Writer, Playwright, Musician, Composer, Poet, Clothing Designer, Architect, Sketch Artist, Illustrator, Graphic Designer, Printmaker, Cartoonist, Comedian, Choreographer, Photographer) S / SOCIAL Social people are helpers. They are kind, generous, cooperative, patient, caring, helpful, empathetic, tactful and friendly. They excel at socializing, helping others and teaching. They like tasks that involve teamwork, social interaction, building relationships, and the improvement of society. They enjoy activities that are public, humanitarian, developmental, educational, philanthropic, altruistic, interpersonal and service oriented. (Teacher, Counselor, Social Worker, Therapist, Nurse, Care Giver, Psychologist, Minister, Priest, Rabbi, Recruiter, Interviewer, Child Care Worker, Home Economist, Arbitrator, Facilitator, Sociologist, Bartender, Homemaker) E / ENTERPRISING Enterprising people are leaders. They are adventurous, ambitious, assertive, extroverted, energetic, enthusiastic, confident and optimistic. They are dominant, persuasive and motivational. They are promoters. They generally have a contagious or charismatic personality. They excel at business, management, economics, politics, public speaking and salesmanship. Being adventurous and willing to take risks, they possess an entrepreneurial spirit. They like influencing others by guiding, encouraging, directing, preaching, competing or debating. (Politician, Lawyer, Preacher, Coach, Salesperson, Manager, Public Relations Specialist, Promoter, Event Planner, Trainer, Instructor, Consultant, Supervisor, Entertainer, Newscaster, Director, Lobbyist, Buyer, Administrator) C / CONVENTIONAL Conventional people are organizers. They are conscientious and conservative. They are logical, efficient, orderly and organized. They are thorough and detail oriented. They are reliable. They enjoy practical tasks, quantitative measurements, conventional environments and structured situations. They like to work with data and numbers. They like process, procedures, regulations, standards, and rules. They excel at accounting, computer abilities, and clerical skills. They like mathematics, office settings and statistical tasks. (Accountant, Secretary, Banker, Teller, Collector, Bookkeeper, Computer Programmer, Inspector, Auditor, Mathematician, Statistician, Financial Analyst, Data Processor, Scheduler, Filer, Typist, Tax Preparer, Account Analyst, Budget Clerk) However, in term of Ann Roes Theory, Anne Roe suggested that there are 6 occupational level within the 8 fields of occupation. Level 1: Professional and managerial (higher) Have independent responsibility in important aspect, they are involve in the making of pilicy in an organauzation Possessed masters degree or doctor of philisophy Level 2: Professional and managerial (regular) Have medium level responsibility, for self and others; e.g. policy interpretation Possessed bachelors degree Level 3:Semi-professional Have low level responsibility for others; application of policy, or determination for self only Possessed diploma Level 4: Skilled Responsibilities are less autonomy and less initiative permitted Possessed a certificates Level 5: Semi-skilled Responsibilities are less autonomy and less initiative permitted Need informal practices Level 6: Unskilled Responsibilities are less autonomy and less initiative are permitted Do not need specific academic qualification The 6 levels of performance in Roes occupational classification system are based on: Responsibility in the label of work Capacity and skills required for the level of work Complexity of decision making in the level of work The higher the level, the more responsibility, more skills are required, complexity of decision making will increase (Roe Klos, 1972) Figure 1: Basic Comparison of Ann Roes Model and Holland Model Holland Theory Model Another difference between the models was demonstrated on the basic principle. According to Ann Roes work can satisfy needs in different ways. The Occupational groups includes: Service (something for another person); Business contact (selling and supplying services); Organisation (management in business, industry and government); Technology (product maintenance, transportation of commodities utilities); Outdoors (cultivating, preserving gathering natural resources); Science (scientific theory and its application); General culture (preserving and transmitting cultural heritage) Arts and Entertainment (creative art and entertainment). However, Holland focuses on four key concepts: Congruence: compatibility between personality type environment Consistency: similarity among types/ environments Differentiation: degree to which a person/ environment is clearly defined Identity: extent to which a person has a clear self perception of his/her characteristics and gaols, and to the degree of stability which an occupational environment provides. 3. Each student will select one professional article on career development to critique. Your critique should contain four sections: a) title, b) short summary of the content, c)your opinion/critique of the article, including strengths and weaknesses, d) your recommendations for further study by researchers in the field. (25 marks) a) Title A Systemic Approach to Career Development at McDonalds b) Short summary of the content High-engagement approach is applied by Mc Donalds in USA to improve both their operations leadership pipeline and employee satisfaction with their career growth. This approach is initiated by the top management. However, the strategies are supported by middle-management employees. In this article, the authors has identified the approach used embodies McDonalds cultural values of partnership, collaboration, and openness, and effectively ensured that a critical mass of over 100 field officers and 3,000 middle managers embraced the change. c) Your opinion/critique of the article, including strengths and weaknesses d) Your recommendations for further study by researchers in the field This research article is based on qualitative research method. Case study methodology is used in the research is a single case approach. Case studies can be either a single-case design or a multiple-case design. According to Yin (1994), a single-case design is ideal for studying unique or extreme cases, to confirm or challenge a theory or for cases where the researcher did not have access to before. However, the researcher should be careful not to misrepresent what was observed. The following are some types of data collection techniques employed in this case studies (Stake, 1995 and Yin, 1994). The interview is applied in this research. Researcher has interview the top management and middle management at McDonald. The interview is an important technique for data collection and there are two forms of interview are applied in the research, closed or structured Interviews and open-ended Interviews. Open-ended interviews allow subjects to express themselves more freely and insight into events. Besides, observations techniques are used to study the attitude and behaviour of the management and their employees. This direct observation of the employees on satisfaction towards leadership was applied. The researcher used letters, memos, agendas, administrative documents, newspaper articles and any other relevant documents to analyse the operation leadership pipeline. Documents are useful for making inferences about events. Documents are communications between persons in the study. The author has successfully identity the research gap in the journal. The first reason was there are no other studies that have used systemic approach in career development especially in fast food industry. Besides, the objective of this research is rather direct that to study how high-engagement approach to improve both operation leadership pipeline and employee satisfaction. To enhance the writing up for this journal, author can consider providing a small paragraph to indicate the construct or operation definition for culture short and social support. Reader would have a clearer picture how the construct does by providing the operational definition. The author has given a clear and depth discussion in the approach used by McDonald to career development. The area of discussion includes talent management imperative, task force chartered, open, meaningful dialogue across solos, getting broader leadership input and support, the content of the change: a systemic approach. The author supported the discussion with the various previous researches. In the last session of this journal, the author has identified the limitation of the studies and future directions. I feel the discussion on the limitation is not thoroughly considered. Even the research design of cohort studies was mentioned, however the various types of bias was ignored. The limitation of specifying and selecting study sample, non-response, volunteer bias, bogus control bias should be discussed. Besides, the author should take care of limitation in measuring exposure and outcome. Obsequiousness bias, expectation bias and errors that could occur during recording the transcribing data should be fully discuss in the last session. However, the author has given a very clear future direction for other researcher to follow so that they can contribute to the knowledge gap. More researches should be conducted in the area of career development in systemic approach so that a strong fundamental will be provided to support the theory in this area. In my opinion, a quantitative study should be used to study the relationship between leadership and the employees satisfaction. Besides, the cross sectional studies should be conducted to look at various area in career development of the staffs including talent management, training, career planning and others. As conclusion, this journal article provides a good fundamental background for the reader to understand the concept of systemic approach and career development. By understand the concept of systemic approach and career development, intervention program can be done to help to employees to develop a secure career planning in the organisation. 4. Apply a career development theory to your own career development. Using Supers developmental stages, identify your current stage of development and the ages at which you accomplished other stages.(25 marks) I would apply Holand approach in my career development. This approach gives explicit attention to behavioral style or personality types as the major influence in career choice development. This is described as structurally interactive. Family influences, to a certain degree, the development of personality types. For example, my parents promotes investigative abilities, could favour the development of an investigative type personality. Parents pass on some hereditary characteristics that can influence the development of certain personality types. Since my parents are from medical field, I was strongly influenced by them. Also, the family unit is a member of a certain social context. This social context can also participate in the development of certain personality traits According to Holand, there are 6 types of personality traits. Realistic work with hands, machines, tools, active, practical, adventurous Vocational preferences Prefer concrete occupations (e.g.: carpentry) that are relatively solitary and do require a lot of interaction with people Their range of interests is relatively restricted. They limit their relations and seek people who share the same values, interests and beliefs as they do Values and career objectives Possess traditional values and prefer to work within an institutional setting Have many ambitions and see the practical side of things Rather close minded when it comes to changing their belief system or their values Investigative thought, analytical approaches, explore, knowledge, ideas, not social Vocational preference Prefer activities that require observation, systematic investigation of natural, biological, cultural, medical or technical phenomenons They seek to understand and control what is happening This type does not invest much in social or interpersonal activities Values and career objectives Their values influence them to seek academic activities where they can feel a sense of autonomy and personal independence They are intellectuals who like logic and can be ambitious. Their belief system is open However, family, security and friendship are values that are less important to them Artistic literary, musical, artistic activities, emotional, creative, open Vocational preference Prefer artistic activities and avoid conventional type activities Like to socialise with people who have similar values and belief systems as they do, and avoid people who do not Values and career objectives Believe aesthetics are very important. They have an expressive, courageous and imaginative personality Avoid conformity and servility Belief system is very open open to new ideas and to the feelings of others Social train, inform, educate, help, supportive, avoid technical skills, empathy, relationships Vocational preference Prefer occupations with social requirements Avoid more realistic type activities Associate with people who share similar values and beliefs as they do Values and career objectives Like to serve others in a medical, institutional or community setting Want to help and believe in equal opportunities Are not attracted to the world of ideas or logic Find spiritual values important Enterprising verbally skilled, persuasive, direct, leader, dominant Vocational preference Prefer activities that put their business skills to work Like to develop in the business world Avoid activities that require research or investigative work. Prefer to be with people who share similar values and beliefs as they do Values and career objectives They have a traditional belief and value system Strive to become leaders and manage others They are very ambitious They take pride in their physical appearance and aim to climb the social ladder Conventional rules and routines, provide order or direct structure, great self control, respect power and status, punctual, orderly Vocational preference Prefer conventional type activities like accounting, finances or administration Avoid artistic type activities Like to be with people who are similar to them and avoid people who are different The diagram summarises the characteristics of the Holland type of expression. Holland Types are usually expressed in 3 letters- Ex: RIA Realistic R C I E A S E A S SS Conventional Investigative Enterprising Artistic Social Most Masculine Types R E Most Prestigious Types I E Most Feminine Types A S Least Prestigious Types R C From my profile, I found that I belong to IRS. Hence, it represents the career I am doing now as a medical specialist. Super Developmental Stage Vocational development is the process of developing and implementing a self-concept. As the self-concept becomes more realistic and stable, so does vocational choice and behavior. People choose occupations that permit them to express their self-concepts. Work satisfaction is related to the degree that theyve been able to implement their self-concepts.Career maturity includes readiness to cope with developmental tasks at a given stage. It is both affective and cognitive. Most career education programs have been affected by Supers ideas. They provide gradual exposure to self-concepts and work concepts in curriculum that represents Supers ideas of career development/vocational maturity. (National Career Development Guideline Standards) I am currently at establishment stage. (25 40 year old). In this age, the major tasks are to find secure niche in ones field and advance within it. I have found my permanent and appropriate field of work when working and establishing my work in the field of medical. Besides, I have expanded my field of working in the area of business, consultancy and training. These years are considered to be the most productive and creative years of the life span. I am able to work for more than 24 hours without sleep to complete a task. The energetic during this stage motivates us to work under stress and pressure. Not only that, in this trial and stabilization stage, I have undergone the process of settling down, if unsatisfactory may make 1-2 more changes before the right job is found. I have been trying to work in various environment including private and government sectors. After trying various working environment, I learn a few concept and decided not to work for any organisation and work for my own. I believe a concept that, if working in an organisation, the maximum they are able to pay me is RM 10 000. However, if I work for several organisation, I am very sure it would be more than working singularly in one organisatiom. It is proven now that I have multiple income. During this stage I begin to support myself and my family. I have to start to buy my own belongings like properties, car and investment in share markets. I start to understand the tangible assets and intangible assets. All these development enable me to appreciate the real concept of self dependency. Besides, I begin to develop a lifestyle, make use of their abilities and past training. I also begin to become involved in meaningful interests. It further to advancement where the efforts directed at securing ones position, acquiring seniority, developing skills, demonstrating superior performance, resume building actions. I have tried to development myself by attending various conferences, writing various journals articles to be published in order to establish myself in my career. Besides, I start to write in various magazines and books to create my personal branding in the organisation. After several years of hard work, my name can be googled and it is popular among bloggers internationally. In addition, I begin to become more focused on my place in their occupation. Job title, remuneration has become my main focus on all tasks in my career. Not only that, I start to become interested in my work security and advancement. I create my own company and ensure the company has the fix income and passive income to support my expenses. Besides, before investing further, I would ensure my budgeting is done completely so that I would run into financial crisis. Hence, I also have the expectation that they will become financially stable and move towards challenging levels of responsibility and independence. Sometimes, this stage may become very frustrating if advancement is not forth coming In short, in this stage I realise that I become s

Workers And Laborers Essay -- essays research papers

Workers and Laborers There are two kinds of people in the work force. There are laborers and there are workers. The difference between these two types of people is that a worker enjoys his or her job while a laborer does not. To the laborer, his or her life is almost equivalent to a wage slave. For those laborers, there only escape is leisure time. This is essentially the opposite of their lives, a time where there is freedom and compulsion. To the worker, leisure time consist of enough rest so that they can do their jobs effectively. In the two ways that these two types of people enjoy their free time, how do we know which person spends their time better? I believe that a worker often spends his of her leisure time more productively than a laborer does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A personal experience of this matter consisted of a friend of mine. He used to work at a local restaurant as a bus boy. To me, he was a laborer. He didn’t enjoy his job at all. Whenever he would have a day off, he would be grateful and happy. Although, he would often spend his days complaining about how horrible his job was and the fact that he had to go back to work the next day. He would find himself doing anything that would get his mind off work. Things such as drinking or smoking ended up a major past time of his. He concluded that drinking and smoking was an escape from his horrid job. The more he hated his job, the more he would go out and party in an attemp...

A Method To Memory :: essays research papers

A Method to Memory The other night I was sitting at home in my room watching the Rockets game, and my phone begins to ring. I answer "Hello", and I hear this frantic voice that I recognize as my friend Mandy's. Mandy is a nervous wreck, she has a big bio-chem test in the morning and can't seem to remember a thing. I ask her what kind of information she has, and she tells me she has notes and her book. Now being the nice guy I am, and having just completed learning about memory in my Intro to Psych class, I turned off the T.V. and told her I'd help her learn to memorize things. The first thing I told her about was a method called rehearsal. I explained that rehearsal involved repeating the information time after time to keep it from fading from her short term memory, or STM. She was a bit confused so I simplified it for her. I reminded her of the other night when she was looking for the number to Pizza Hut in the phone book, and when she found it she started repeating over and over until she got to the phone and could dial it. She was astounded that she was doing this all along and didn't even know it. I then explained another short term memory method known as chunking. She cringed and thought I was talking about the keg party the other night, but I explained that chunking involves taking a large number or word and breaking it down into smaller pieces that could be remembered easier. I also told her that she could chunk together the first letters of a phrase to make it more accessible to her memory retrieval system. I gave her the example of the New York Stock Exchange, or N.Y.S.E. That helped her a lot, but she was concerned whether or not she would remember it all for the final, so I told her the more rehearsing she did, the deeper she would commit the information to memory.

Reality Television Essay -- TV Television Reality Show Essays

Reality Television In today's society, Reality Television plays an important position in people's everyday lives. The reality television programs of today are popular because of the variety of film conventions (eg. audio, visual and symbolic codes) and the values and attitudes used to construct the viewer?s response. Two good examples of reality television programs are The Apprentice and Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. In the episode of The Apprentice, 'The Price is Height', wealth is promoted through the values and attitudes of today's society to construct the viewer's response. This program promotes that wealth is acquired through success, and success comes with long-term hard work. Wealth is promoted throughout the episode in various forms. These include having the episode produced in the very successful big-business city of New York, USA, where much of what happens affects what happens throughout the US and around the world, the 'Trump World Tower', 'Trump Plaza Hotel', and 'Mar-a-Lago' resort located in Palm Beach, Florida. If different audiences viewed the episode of The Apprentice, each audience would interpret the values and attitudes of wealth differently. If a mature audience viewed the episode, they would interpret wealth as greed. If a younger audience viewed the episode, they would interpret wealth as a desire and an ambition to achieve. The suggested target audience for this episode w ould be young adults, as the values and attitudes of wealth, would liked to be gained by those who are beginning in the business field. In an episode of Queer Eye of the Straight Guy, ?Never too late to celebrate?, wealth is achieved through a person?s area of expertise, where the person is most likely to succeed highly in it. Wealth has been promoted throughout the episode in different ways. This includes the expensive suits and clothing from designer brands such as ?Prada? and ?Levis? and the episode was produced in New York City, USA. If different audiences were to view the episode, each would interpret the values and attitudes of wealth, in different ways. If an older mature audience were to view the episode, they would interpret wealth as a wonderful thing, as five gay men, are using their time, money and areas of expertise to makeover a straight (non-gay) person. If a younger audience were to view the episode, they would interpret wealth as a good... ...f The Apprentice, the footage is collated to make the female contestants appear as sexual objects by focusing on their legs, tight clothing, cleavage and body movements and projects the males as being more capable and successful in business. So even if the ?camera never lies?, the use of camera angles, particular shots and the way the footage is edited can play a huge part in influencing what the viewer thinks. It is all about ?how? it is shown to the viewers. The reality television shows of The Apprentice and Queer Eye for the Straight Guy are popular due to the values and attitudes promoted through wealth and through the filming conventions of audio, visual and symbolic codes. However, the impact on audiences depends on how they are presented. Promotion of one form of success and wealth included ?Trump World Tower?, expensive suits from ?Prada? and ?Hugo Boss?, ?Mar-a-Lago? luxury resort, etc. by The Apprentice and another form of success and wealth presented by Queer Eye for the Straight Guy was improvement of appearance, enrichment of personal life and lifestyle and the two reality television episodes were produced in New York City, the hub of business culture and trade.

Democracy vs Dictatorship Essay

Dictatorship and democracy are two concepts with numerous views and differences. The first is not ideal for a society which seeks free press, human rights and equality. The second is, even though many facets have to be taken into account. Throughout history, scholars have laid out a range of arguments regarding the advantages and disadvantages of both systems in terms of development. Here, we will try to enumerate some of them. An authoritarian government is a form of government in which the power is centralized (single person or a group). Dictatorship have ruled in many countries and region of the world for years; Latin America, Africa, Caribbean and Asia (especially the Middle East). In all cases, it was not all evil, where genocide, assassination or corruption were common like with Saddam Hussein. Scholars agreed that some countries have seen a boost in socioeconomic development under authoritarian governments. It was the case for Dominican Republic under Trujillo, Argentina in the 60’s, Chile in the 70’s under Pinochet, Singapore or Turkey. For these leaders, their countries were not ready for democracy because â€Å" dictatorial governments could better impose rational, long-term development plans† (Handelman, 2011, 35). The father of Singapore’s authoritarian political system, Lee Kuan Yew, declared that discipline is more essential for a developed country than democracy. Lee also stated that â€Å"Democracy leads to indiscipline and disorderly conduct, which are inimical to development† (Handelman, 2011, 35). His strong statement was somewhat carried out by many LDC’s around the globe, especially in Africa where ethnic issues are common. In a dictatorship, there are no riots against the government or its affiliates, a single party is more likely in power, the ruler has unlimited power, plans are executed efficiently and in a fashion manner, most efficient during emergencies, and less room for corruption. Dictatorship also promotes obedience to the ruler, strict discipline is a MUST. There are also some advantages for an authoritarian government. The negative side of a dictatorship relates to absence of freedom of speech (the people has no say in how the system works, follow the leader blindly), no fair elections, oppression of people or member of the opposition, power to a small group, no civil rights (violation of human rights), poor governance, lack social welfare, social inequalities and the gap between rich and poor is very significant. Also, when it comes to ruthless dictatorship like Syria, atrocities and spread of war prevail. In short, dictatorship does not agree with international peace and even advocates of authoritarian governments admitted that most dictatorships have caused great damage to many countries education, economy and infrastructure systems (Handelman, 2011, 35). Dictatorship can be a burden for a country’s socioeconomic development. Democracy is the promotion of fairness, social equality, transparency, freedom and speech. Today, it is perceived the best form of government. A full definition from our book (Handelman, 2011, 31) pointed out that democracy is obvious when: most of the country’s leading government officials are elected; there is universal or near universal suffrage; elections are largely free of fraud and outside manipulation; opposition-party candidates have a realistic chance of being elected to important national offices; and civil liberties—including minority rights—are respected, with guarantees of free speech, free assembly, free press (media), and freedom of religion. Others define it in regard to fair election and governance. A democratic government will make sure that its people grasp the importance of its policies, promote fundamental rights and support a stronger middle class (Handelman, 2011, 30). Unlike dictatorship, a democracy does not use fear or force to govern its people. It is a free society where the civil society is empowered not weakened and where the rule of law prevail, not the rule of a person or a group (Geddes, 2004, 5). History has shown that most industrialize countries are democratic, perhaps because â€Å"industrialization leads to increases in wealth, education, communication and equality† (Handelman, 2011, 30). However, like dictatorship, democracy has some shortcomings. Scholars underlined that democracy can be as bad as dictatorship; unstable, promotes party interest and it can also be a waste of time and resources (enacting laws like the ban on gun currently for example). Revolt is less likely to happen in a free society because the people elected their representatives via fair elections. Some critics emphasized that democracy will not be efficient in the LDC’s if these states do not have a literacy rate of at least 50% as well as a socioeconomic modernization, which would narrow the gap between rich and the middle class (Handelman 2011, 34). Other critics insisted on the fact that democracy encourage corruption, and industrialization/globalization are western strategies to better exploit Third World countries (Handelman, 2011, 30). The paragraphs above showed several advantages of having a democratic society than an authoritarian one. They also have similarities and in some circumstances, they have to work together. Democracy is ideal because it promotes an equal society where everyone has a fair shot at success. Dictatorship does not. Thus, it might be fair to say that it is better for a society to experience another type of government (like a single-party) to consolidate a democratic development.

Evidence Based Practice Essay

This question reminded me about the famous and probably one of the most important inventors in the world, Thomas Edison. When he was trying to create his filament for his light bulb, it took him more than a thousand tries to do so. Likewise in a hospital, all the procedures and treatments that nurses do while on the job has been practiced and experimented on so the patient can receive first-class quality care from the nurses. Evidence-based nursing is a process founded on the collection, interpretation, and integration of valid, important, and applicable research. An example of this can be when a new technique or procedure has been discovered to help cure new diseases. After extensive amounts of research, the technique will be experimented on. They will perform the new technique on patients to see if the patients feel better, and like the procedure done to them. Evidence-based practice will help you explore the process of making solid clinical decisions that you must make in the hospital. New problems will arise daily, and with evidence-based practice, you are able to solve those problems in a systematic way. I believe that to do evidence-based practice needs to be done with a group or a team. Efficiency and accuracy is needed when doing evidence-based practice because in the end, the patients are the ones that need to be satisfied with the care that they are receiving. An example of the evidence based practice is as a chemo nurse, patients admitted for chemotherapy are offered pre-treatment assessment and physical and emotional support. Also, we provide a low-stress setting that helps patients and families to receive fully absorb the information and educate themselves about their disease and its treatments. As an effect to evidence-based nursing, we can now be more confident about the procedures that we do on our patients, because they have been thoroughly checked over.

Gender Disparity and the ways in which it underpins major social and economic inequalities in South Asia

The aim of this paper is to show the linkage between gender disparity and social and economic inequalities that result because of gender disparity in the South Asian context. This is an important area of study because gender disparity is closely interlinked with and supports explanations of social and economic inequality. This is also of particular interest in the South Asian context because compared to the rest of the world South Asia has one of the greatest degrees of gender disparity in the world. Furthermore gender equality can be used to measure the progressiveness and development of a given society as a whole by acting as an indicator to social equality. In other words the smaller the gap in gender disparity, the more developed and progressive a given country or society can be regarded. This paper will deal with the common perception of women in the South Asian context, social exclusion and the limited legal rights of women, Their rights to land and property, access to education and healthcare, female foeticide and infanticide, the political and economic exclusion of women and the downward spiraling effect that the above factors will have particularly on the economy and South Asian society as a whole. The paper will draw from various parts of South Asia to illustrate vividly examples of gender disparity at work. In order to really understand the existence of Gender disparity in South Asia one must look at the fiercely patriarchal nature of South Asian society. Throughout most of South Asia, men have been given the role of decision makers and heads of family because of cultural, social and religious backing that has gone on for thousands of years and thus gender bias is not just believed in by men but women also. â€Å"This has arguably resulted in female submission to male domination and the constraint of women's choices to come to be regarded as the social norm. † The first significant way that gender disparity supports economic inequality is in what can be regarded as the â€Å"unseen economy†. Many South Asian women are employed in the informal sector and thus their contribution to the national economy is not recognized and accounted for in a respective country's Gross Domestic Product or GDP. â€Å"Because their labour – in such activities as family care, household maintenance is excluded from systems of national accounts the work they do remains unappreciated and inadequately compensated. In Bangladesh, some studies estimate that women spend between 70 and 88 percent of their time in non-market work. The vast majority of South Asian women work in the informal-sector or in unpaid family assistance, with the informal sector accounting for the employment of 96 percent of economically-active women in India, 75 percent in Nepal and Bangladesh and nearly 65 percent in Pakistan. â€Å"2 Methods to incorporate the contribution of the women to the economy should be implemented. This would be the only possible way of assessing their productivity accurately. One theoretical method is to make use of the economic concept of â€Å"opportunity cost†. For example the productivity of a housewife can be taken into account by the cost of hiring domestic help to manage the household assuming she went out to work. Simply put, if she did not do the work at home, someone else has to be paid to do it. Such methods may be the only way to give women their due credit in recognition of their contribution to the economy. The next substantial way in which gender disparity supports a major economic inequality in South Asia is in the area of land rights for women. A very phallic male-centred approach to the division of property and very often occurs in South Asia. A significant proportion of women do not receive their due share of inheritance. â€Å"3 In order to really understand the economic and social implications that this brings about one must see â€Å"the links between gender subordination and property and the need to be sought in not only the distribution of property between households but also in its distribution between men and women, in not only who owns the property but also who controls it, and in relation not only to private property but to communal property. † 4 Actual ownership of a property does not always mean effective assertion of control over that property. In some cases women's names are not put on the revenue records after they inherit, in others they are persuaded to sign relinquishment in favour of male family members. â€Å"5 This is because in many parts of South Asia it is customary for sons to inherit all the land and property without any shares going to the daughters of the family. The lack of property and capital makes women economically subjugate to men because of economic dependency. They are unable to make economic decisions for themselves. When women's access to property and wealth is denied this makes â€Å"(a) A woman's class position defined through that of a man- father, husband etc. it is more open to change than that of a man: a well-placed marriage can raise it, divorce or widowhood can lower it. (b) This can occur to the extent that even women of propertied households, do not own property themselves and makes it difficult to characterize their class position. Indeed some have even argued that women constitute a class in themselves. â€Å"6 One must bear in mind that this not only gives rise to major economic inequality but also social inequality. The rise of capitalism has made economics in integral part of determining social class. Gone are the days when social class was not dependent on wealth and property. Thus in this respect women are socially compromised as well economically. Another way in which gender disparity closely supports both economic and social inequality is with regards to the Law of a state. The Law can be used as a very good indicator of gender disparity and thus social and economic inequality. Simply put the Law has to protect both men and women. Men and women should have equality before the law. The Apostle Paul said, â€Å"The law is lawful so long as one uses it lawfully†. Indeed there should not only be equality before the Law in areas of gender, but race and class as well. The legal terrain of South Asia is determined by the religious and cultural practices of several communities, and overlain by traditions of European jurisprudence and is particularly treacherous for women. Throughout the region different religious and cultural communities are governed by separate personal laws- those civil laws which deal with marriage, dowry and divorce; custody, guardianship and adoption of children and inheritance†. 7 The lack of a uniform civil code in South Asian states to protect the rights of women has sadly allowed loopholes in the law to be exploited which aids in the economic and social oppression of women. It is a sad truth that in many parts of South Asia there is still a strong degree of gender-bias in the law of the state, which puts women at an unfair disadvantage as compared to men. â€Å"The lack of a uniform civil code in which fundamental human rights take precedence over gender discriminatory religious customs remains a main obstacle to the achievements of women's equal rights. â€Å"8 In order to illustrate the significant impact the law can have on promoting inequality the laws pertaining to women's rights in South Asia will be looked at. Property and inheritance laws are in themselves highly gender discriminatory across South Asia. This will be tied in with the earlier example of land rights for women and the role of the law as a mediating device. Take for example the case of the â€Å"Jaffna Tamils in Sri Lanka, a married woman needs her husband's consent to alienate land which she legally owns. â€Å"9 Legal ownership does not always carry with it the right of control in all senses. Legal ownership might still be challenged by prevailing social constraints as well. Thus there has to be not only implementation of legal rights but enforcement as well in order to safeguard the rights of women. Strong degree of gender disparity can be seen from inheritance laws in Nepal. â€Å"One of the laws states that a daughter can only inherit paternal property if she is unmarried and over 35 years of age, and she cannot inherit tenancy rights. â€Å"10 Needless to say the very legal system, which should serve the function of protection, seems to undermine women and compromise their representation. A very serious aspect that needs to be looked at is the implication of some of the bias inheritance laws, which contribute to a downward spiral effect. These bias inheritance laws not only economically and socially impair women but in many cases their offspring bear the brunt of the hardship as well. Firstly, these â€Å"discriminatory property laws limit women's capacity to obtain credit and benefit from new opportunities for economic advancement by engaging in self employment. This also has further serious implications as in the case of the â€Å"cancellation of the provision of inheritance for orphan grandchildren by a Federal Shariat Court in Pakistan. This has a multiplier effect on economic and social inequality because of the overwhelming burden placed on widowed mothers. They lose their only means of financial support with the death of their husbands and this also means that the children would not be able to inherit the property of their father which will also increase the financial burden of the women. 11 Also, the law not only fails to protect women in terms of property and inheritance rights but in many other areas as well. Women who are the victims of domestic violence and sexual abuse in South Asia have a much harder time seeking justice than their counterparts around the world. Often in South Asia, women who are the victims of sexual assault and battery are blamed for the crime rather than the perpetrators and abusers themselves. Gender disparity really underpins the social inequality in Bangladesh. â€Å"Even today, for the majority of women in Bangladesh, the world consists of their immediate family, and the new households of near relatives and neighbours. Very few are involved in any social institution apart from the family, and this even often applies to middle-class women in urban areas. The cultural institution of parda requires the isolation of all women besides minors from men outside the family and close relative circle. Movements outside the home are to be carried out only for prescribed reasons and at prescribed times of the day. † 12 Because of this cultural institution many Bangladeshi women literally become â€Å"birds in a cage†. This not only compromises women socially but economically and politically as well. This restricts their occupational chances and mobility. Furthermore parda leaves virtually no room in a woman's life for public interaction. Women are thus excluded from elections, conferences and decision-making bodies. Because of the strong nature of patriarchy is South Asian society and the Dowry system in marriages, women are considered a liability even before they are born. In the next few paragraphs the paper will look at women's access to healthcare and education and female foeticide and infanticide. This indeed causes an exacerbation of social and economic inequality. In order for a country or state to bloom as a society the rights and interests of both sexes have to be catered for. If women are given equal educational opportunities and access to healthcare, the standard of living and quality of life as a whole will improve. Educational quotient and life expectancy will rise. Women will also be able to take on more jobs and increasingly knowledge based ones and thus contribute more substantially to the economy as well. If women are given an equal chance as men economically and socially in South Asia, it might gradually eradicate the mentality that daughters are a liability and thus slow down and eventually stop the vicious cycle. The need for dowries may disappear if this were the case. Female foeticide and infanticide will cease to be such an impending issue and South Asian society will be more progressive as a whole. Prenatal sex determination techniques such as â€Å"amniocentesis techniques for developing foetal abnormalities were developed in India, at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. It was soon discovered that these tests could also accurately determine the sex of the child. A statistic purporting to come from the Registrar General of India, based on hospital records alone showed that 3. lakh female foetuses were aborted in India between 1993 and 1994†. Needless to say the sex ratios in South Asia are one of the most unbalanced in the world because of the substantially higher ratio of men to women. This is gender disparity in action in its worst social implication. Very simply, a price is put on the lives unborn female children. They are being killed in the hundreds of thousands to such a degree that some people have aptly come up with the term, â€Å"femicide† to describe the literal culling of the female sex. What is far more worrying though is the practice of infanticide where many female children are killed after birth. This is tantamount to murder but goes unchecked in many parts of South Asia. Sometimes however, one wonders whether it is crueler to commit female infanticide rather than subject the female child to a life of hardship, misery and oppression. Girls are treated differently from boys since birth. They are not given enough food compared to boys and they suffer from nutritional deficits. Girls are far more prone to malnutrition in South Asia than boys are. They also tend to suffer from a host of other ailments and still preferential medical treatment is given to boys. â€Å"Educational indicators of South Asian women although recording improvement in recent years, are some of the worst in the world, especially at technical and higher levels. Women constitute only 17 percent of technical students, and South Asian governments spend approximately 4. 4 percent of their educational budgets on technical and scientific education†14 It is of little wonder that women are subject to economic inequality judging from the statistics above. In conclusion in can be said that gender disparity greatly underpins major social and economic inequalities in South Asia. This is evident in the Legal systems, educational systems and medical systems and social systems of South Asia. It can be seen that the root of a lot of economic and social evils in South Asia are due to gender disparity between men and women. If South Asia is to progress as a society as a whole, gender disparity must be eradicated or if not, at least curbed.